Adderall 25mg XR Capsules
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Adderall

Adderall® CII is a pharmaceutical amphetamine used to treat attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and narcolepsy. It was first prescribed in the 1970s as an anorectic (under the brand name Obetrol®), but such usage is now rare. more...

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Use

Adderall is a central nervous system stimulant composed of four amphetamine salts: amphetamine aspartate, amphetamine sulfate, dextroamphetamine saccharate, and dextroamphetamine sulfate (the last salt is also prescribed alone as Dexedrine®). The four component salts are claimed to be metabolised at different rates.

The average elimination half-life for dextroamphetamine is 10 hours in adults, and for levoamphetamine, 13 hours. Its effects are otherwise similar to other central nervous system stimulants (see amphetamine for details.).

The manufacturer claims that the mixture of salts makes Adderall's effects smoother, with softer highs and lows, than those of other treatments for the same disorders.

There is little evidence, however, to support this claim for immediate-release Adderall. A recent patent application for Adderall (USP #6,384,020) was a pharmaceutical composition patent listing a rapid immediate release oral dosage form. No claim of increased or smooth drug delivery was made. A recent double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study, conducted among children, indicated that Adderall behaved similarly to other immediate release amphetamines. The authors found that sustained-release dexamphetamine (the main isomeric-amphetamine component of Adderall) had a longer duration of action, and cost less than Adderall, though dexamphetamine was less effective in the first few hours of morning dosing.

Adderall is now sold in either an immediate-release tablet or an extended-release capsule, marketed as Adderall XR. Doses for both immediate-release and extended-release form come in 5mg, 10mg, 15mg, 20mg, 25mg, and 30mg increments.

Adderall XR utilizes the Microtrol® delivery system to achieve the extended-release mechanism. This delivery system incorporates two beads: the first type of bead dissolves immediately and the second type releases four hours later. Maximum plasma concentration is achieved in seven hours, compared to regular Adderall IR (immediate-release) which reaches maximum plasma concentration within three hours. As a result of its high bioavailability, Adderall XR's effectiveness is not altered by food absorption in the GI tract. However, tmax (mean plasma concentration) is prolonged by 2.5 hours (using a standard high-fat meal as the control). Acidic beverages should not be taken with Adderall XR as they alter the pH balance of the stomach.

Effects

While the exact mechanism is unknown, it is believed that Adderall works by blocking the reuptake of dopamine and norepinephrine into the presynaptic neuron and increasing their release from the presynaptic neuron into the extraneuronal space. In other words, Adderall reverses the reuptake mechanism, turning it into a pump instead of a vacuum.

Read more at Wikipedia.org


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THE INVESTMENT COLUMN: Post-Adderall future looks bright for Shire
From Independent, The (London), 11/4/05 by Edited by Stephen Foley

Shire Pharmaceuticals, one of The Independent's tips of 2005, is up 28 per cent since the start of the year, having turned itself, in the City's eyes, from a one-trick pony to a veritable stable of exciting new drug products.

The company gets nearly 50 per cent of its profits from one drug, a treatment for hyperactive American kids, called Adderall. A US court case early next year is expected to rule that copycat rivals can launch their own products, a development that will probably wipe out three-quarters of Adderall's sales overnight. Unsurprisingly, the City's focus has been on how Shire will manage this problem.

First, Shire has dug out patents on the way Adderall is made that it says bolster its legal case. Second, it asked the US medicines regulator to delay approval for its rivals. Analysts don't dare put it in their forecasts yet, but some investors are betting Adderall will avoid competition in 2006.

These tactics are vital, since the drug had sales of $166m (pounds 94m) in the quarter reported yesterday, but it is the post- Adderall future that has really set the shares alight. The $1.6bn acquisition of TKT, a US biotech firm, was initially derided but investors have been won round, excited by the high prices that can be charged for TKT's specialist drugs for genetic disorders. Another acquired product, a 'son of Adderall' called NRP104, is set for launch late next year, one of six product launches in 2006.

Investors must keep an eye on early sales of these drugs since, outside of hyperactivity, Shire's marketing machine has not yet proved its ability to handle big launches. But for the next year, Shire should stay a bookies' favourite. Buy.

Copyright 2005 Independent Newspapers UK Limited
Provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights Reserved.

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