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Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency

Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency (A1AD or Alpha-1) is a genetic disorder caused by reduced levels of alpha 1-antitrypsin in the blood. It can lead to emphysema and, in some cases, to liver disease. more...

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Signs and symptoms

Symptoms of alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency include shortness of breath, recurring respiratory infections, or obstructive asthma that does not respond to treatment. Individuals with alpha-1 may develop emphysema during their thirties or forties, without a history of significant smoking (although smoking greatly increases the risk for emphysema). A1AD also causes impaired liver function in some patients and may lead to cirrhosis and liver failure (15%). It is the leading cause of liver transplantation in newborns.

Pathophysiology

Please see alpha 1-antitrypsin for a discussion of the various genotypes and phenotypes associated with A1AD.

Alpha 1-antitrypsin (AAT) is produced in the liver, and one of its functions is to protect the lungs from the neutrophil elastase enzyme. Normal blood levels of alpha-1 antitrypsin are 1.5-3.5 gm/l. In individuals with PiSS, PiMZ and PiSZ phenotypes, blood levels of AAT are reduced to between 40 and 60 % of normal levels. This is sufficient to protect the lungs from the effects of elastase in people who do not smoke. However, in individuals with the PiZZ phenotype, AAT levels are less than 15 % of normal, and patients are likely to develop emphysema at a young age; 50 % of these patients will develop liver cirrhosis, because the A1AT is not secreted properly and instead accumulates in the liver. A liver biopsy in such cases will reveal PAS-positive, diastase-negative granules.

Cigarette smoke is especially harmful to individuals with A1AD. In addition to increasing the inflammatory reaction in the airways, cigarette smoke directly inactivates alpha 1-antitrypsin by oxidizing essential methionine residues to sulfoxide forms, decreasing the enzyme activity by a rate of 2000.

Treatment

In the United States, Canada, and several European countries, lung-affected A1AD patients may receive intravenous infusions of alpha-1 antitrypsin, derived from donated human plasma. This augmentation therapy is thought to arrest the course of the disease and halt any further damage to the lungs. Long-term studies of the effectiveness of AAT replacement therapy are not available. It is currently recommended that patients begin augmentation therapy only after the onset of emphysema symptoms.

Augmentation therapy is not appropriate for liver-affected patients; treatment of A1AD-related liver damage focuses on alleviating the symptoms of the disease. In severe cases, liver transplantation may be necessary.

As α1-antitrypsin is an acute phase reactant, its transcription is markedly increased during inflammation elsewhere in response to increased interleukin-1 and 6 and TNFα production. Any treatment that blunts this response, specifically paracetamol (acetaminophen), can delay the accumulation of A1AD polymers in the liver and (hence) cirrhosis. A1AD patients are therefore encouraged to use paracetamol when slightly to moderately ill, even if they would otherwise not have used antipyretics.

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Trends in the diagnosis of symptomatic patients with [[alpha].sub.1]-antitrypsin deficiency between 1968 and 2003
Background: [[alpha].sub.1]-Antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) is usually underrecognized, with only 5% of cases being diagnosed in the estimated 100,000 ...
Asthma features in severe [[alpha].sub.1]-antitrypsin deficiency : experience of the national heart, lung, and blood institute registry - clinical investigation
Study objectives: To describe asthma features in a cohort with [[alpha].sub.1]-antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency, and determine the impact of asthma on FE[V.sub.1] ...
Worldwide racial and ethnic distribution of [[alpha].sub.1]-antitrypsin deficiency : summary of an analysis of published genetic epidemiologic surveys
Study objectives: [[alpha].sub.1]-antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency is a genetic disease that is widely known in Europe as a disease of white individuals, ...
Nutritional status and muscle strength in patients with emphysema and severe [[alpha].sub.1]-antitrypsin deficiency - clinical investigations
Background: The association between emphysema and weight loss is well known. Severe [[alpha].sub.1]-antitrypsin deficiency is an important risk factor ...
The relationship of chronic sputum expectoration to physiologic, radiologic, and health status characteristics in [[alpha].sub.1]-antitrypsin deficiency
Study objectives: First, to determine the relationships among chronic sputum expectoration (CSE), exacerbations, airflow obstruction, and emphysema in patients with [[alpha].sub.1]-antitrypsin defi
Mode of action of RNA/DNA oligonucleotides ; progress in the development of gene repair as a therapy for [[alpha].sub.1]-antitrypsin deficiency
We describe a technology developed for the site-specific correction of a single base carried on an episome or chromosome in prokaryotic and eukaryotic ...
Recombinant adeno-associated virus gene therapy for cystic fibrosis and [[alpha].sub.1]-antitrypsin deficiency
Abbreviations: AAT = [[alpha].sub.1]-antitrypsin; CF = cystic fibrosis; CFTR = cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator; CMV = cytomegalovirus; ...
Emphysema due to [alpha]-antitrypsin deficiency : familial study of the YBarcelona variant - selected reports
A 39-year-old female patient, an ex-smoker with an 8-pack-year smoking history and severe pulmonary emphysema of early onset, received a diagnosis of ...

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