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Berger disease

IgA nephropathy (also known as IgA nephritis, IgAN, Berger's disease and synpharyngitic glomerulonephritis) is a form of glomerulonephritis (inflammation of the glomeruli of the kidney). It is the most common glomerulonephritis throughout the world. Primary IgA nephropathy is characterized by deposition of the IgA antibody in the glomerulus. There are other diseases associated with glomerular IgA deposits, the most common being Henoch-Schönlein purpura, which is considered by many to be a systemic form of IgA nephropathy. more...

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Henoch-Schönlein purpura presents with a characteristic skin rash, occurs more commonly in children and is associated with a more benign prognosis than IgA nephropathy, which typically presents with hematuria in adults and may lead to chronic renal failure.

Signs and symptoms

The classic presentation (in 40-50% of the cases) is episodic frank hematuria which usually starts within a day of an upper respiratory tract infection (sore throat)(hence syn=together, pharyngitis=sore throat, as opposed to post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis). Flank pain can also occur. The frank hematuria resolves after a few days, though the microscopic hematuria persists. These episodes occur on an irregular basis, and in most patients, this eventually stops (although it can take many years). Renal function usually remains normal, though rarely, acute renal failure may occur(see below). This presentation is more common in younger adults.

A smaller proportion (20-30%), usually the older population, have microscopic hematuria and proteinuria (less than 2 grams of protein per 24 hours). These patients may not have any symptoms and are only picked up if a doctor decides to take a urine sample. Hence, the disease is picked up more commonly in situations where screening of urine is compulsory, e.g. schoolchildren in Japan.

Very rarely (5% each), the presenting history is:

  • Nephrotic syndrome (excessive protein loss in the urine, usually associated with an excellent prognosis)
  • Acute renal failure (either as a complication of the frank hematuria, when it usually recovers, or due to rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis which often leads to chronic renal failure)
  • Chronic renal failure (no previous symptoms, presents with anemia, hypertension and other symptoms of renal failure, in people who probably had longstanding undetected microscopic hematuria and/or proteinuria)

A variety of systemic diseases are associated with IgA nephropathy such as liver failure, coeliac disease, rheumatoid arthritis, Reiter's disease, ankylosing spondylitis and HIV. Diagnosis of IgA Nephropathy and a search for any associated disease occasionally reveals such an underlying serious systemic disease. Occasionally, there are simultaneous symptoms of Henoch-Schönlein purpura; see below for more details on the association.

Diagnosis

For an adult patient with isolated hematuria, tests such as ultrasound of the kidney and cystoscopy are usually done first to pinpoint the source of the bleeding. These tests would rule out kidney stones and bladder cancer, two other common urological causes of hematuria. In children and younger adults, the history and association with respiratory infection can raise the suspicion of IgA nephropathy directly. A urinalysis will show red blood cells, usually as red cell casts. Proteinuria, usually less than 2 grams per day, also may be present. Other renal causes of isolated hematuria include thin basement membrane disease and Alport syndrome, the latter being a hereditary disease associated with hearing impairment. A kidney biopsy is necessary to confirm the diagnosis. The biopsy specimen shows proliferation of the mesangium, with IgA deposits on immunofluorescence and electron microscopy. However, all patients with isolated microscopic hematuria (i.e. without associated proteinuria and with normal kidney function) are not usually biopsied since this is associated with an excellent prognosis.

Read more at Wikipedia.org


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Parkinson's disease linked with pesticide - rotenone - News
From British Medical Journal, 11/11/00 by Abi Berger

A commonly used organic pesticide called rotenone has been linked with Parkinson's disease. The cause of most cases of the disease is unknown, but epidemiological studies have suggested that chronic exposure to environmental toxins--such as pesticides--may be responsible for the degeneration of neurons containing dopamine. Now Dr Tim Greenmyre and his colleagues at the department of neurology at Emory University in Atlanta have shown that rotenone, administered intravenously over several weeks, reproduces the major features of Parkinson's disease in rats (Nature Neuroscience 2000;3:1301-6).

Postmortem studies suggest that the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease is initiated by damage to the mitochondria. Previously the best animal model for Parkinson's disease was the "MPTP model," where mice or monkeys are treated with a drug called 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) and the features of Parkinson's disease are faithfully reproduced. The toxicity of MPTP occurs because its derivative MPP+ inhibits one of the mitochondrial enzymes. The team decided to test rotenone because it is known to inhibit the same mitochondrial enzyme as MPP+. This study does not prove that rotenone causes Parkinson's disease in humans, but it does support the hypothesis that exposure to pesticides may contribute to the brain damage seen in the disease.

BMJ has a new ethics committee

The BMJ has formed a new ethics committee. (BMJ 2000; 321:720) Members were recruited from nearly 150 applicants, and their collective expertise spans ethics, law, research, clinical medicine, medical publishing, and journalism. The committee will meet at least four times a year and will report its deliberations and decisions in the BMJ.

The members are Alexander McCall Smith, professor of medical law, University of Edinburgh (chairman); Derick Wade, professor of neurological disability, University of Oxford; Liz Wager, head of international medical publications (UK), GlaxoWellcome; Peter Singer, professor of medicine, and director of joint centre for bioethics, University of Toronto; Anne Sommerville, head of medical ethics, BMA; Tom Wilkie, adviser in bioethics at the Wellcome Trust and editor of Scientific Computing World; Jeffrey Tobias, consultant in radiotherapy and oncology, University College Hospital, London; Richard Smith, editor, BMJ; Alison Tonks, assistant editor, BMJ.

COPYRIGHT 2000 British Medical Association
COPYRIGHT 2001 Gale Group

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