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Chlamydia

Chlamydia is currently one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases — about 4 million cases of chlamydia occur in the USA each year. However, about half of all men and three-quarters of all women who have chlamydia have no symptoms and don't know that they have the disease. The disease is transmitted by the Chlamydia trachomatis bacterium. It can be serious but it is easily cured if detected in time. It is also, and possibly more importantly, the biggest preventable cause of blindness in the world. Blindness occurs as a complication of trachoma (chlamydia conjunctivitis). more...

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Features

Almost half of all women who get chlamydia and aren't treated by a doctor will get pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), a generic term for infection of the uterus, fallopian tubes, and/or ovaries. PID can cause scarring inside the reproductive organs, which can later cause serious complications, including chronic pelvic pain, difficulty becoming pregnant, ectopic (tubal) pregnancy, and other dangerous complications of pregnancy. Chlamydia causes 250,000 to 500,000 cases of PID every year in the U.S.

In women, chlamydia may not cause any symptoms, but symptoms that may occur include: unusual vaginal bleeding or discharge, pain in the abdomen, painful sexual intercourse, fever, painful urination or the urge to urinate more frequently than usual.

In men, chlamydia may not cause any symptoms, but symptoms that may occur include: a painful or burning sensation when urinating, an unusual discharge from the penis, swollen or tender testicles, or fever.

Chlamydia in men can spread to the testicles, causing epididymitis, which can cause sterility. Chlamydia causes more than 250,000 cases of epididymitis in the USA each year.

Chlamydia may also cause Reiter's Syndrome, especially in young men. About 15,000 men get Reiter's Syndrome from chlamydia each year in the USA, and about 5,000 are permanently affected by it.

As many as half of all infants born to mothers with chlamydia will be born with the disease. Chlamydia can affect infants by causing spontaneous abortion (miscarriage), premature birth, blindness, and pneumonia.

Treatment

Fortunately, chlamydia can be effectively cured with antibiotics once it is detected. Current Centers for Disease Control guidelines provide for the following treatments:

  • Azithromycin 1 gram by mouth once, or
  • Doxycycline 100 milligrams twice daily for seven days.

Prevention

Because chlamydia is so common and because it often doesn't produce symptoms, it is especially important to take precautions against sexually transmitted disease by practicing safer sex.

Pathophysiology

Chlamydiae replicate intracellularly, within a membrane-bound structure termed an inclusion. It is inside this inclusion, which somehow avoids lysosomal fusion and subsequent degradation, that the metabolically inactive "elementary body" (EB) form of Chlamydia becomes the replicative "reticulate body" (RB). The multiplying RBs then become EBs again and burst out of the host cell to continue the infection cycle. Since Chlamydiae are obligate intracellular parasites, they cannot be cultured outside of host cells, leading to many difficulties in research.

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Development of surface of protein chip for Chlamydia pneumoniae
From CHEST, 10/1/05 by Woo J. Kim

PURPOSE: Chlamydia pneumoniae is an important pathogen which is etiologic agent of acute and chronic infection. The diagnosis of chlamydial infection is based on serology. Current gold standard of diagnosis is MIF(microimmunoflurescence), but it is subjective and time-consuming. Recently, protein microarray using SPR(surface plasmon resonance) sensor is suggested to be a method for detection of infection. For development of protein chip for diagnosis of chlamydial infection, we investigated the morphology of surface with AFM(atomic force microscopy) on gold chip and detected interaction between antibody for Chlamydia pneumoniae and EB(elementary body) immobilized on surface by wavelength shift using SPR sensor.

METHODS: For surface antigen, EBs of Chlamydia pneumoniae LKK1 were purified after they were grown in He-p-2 cells. For chip surface, gold arrays on glass slides were prepared and cleaned with NH4OH/H2O2/H2O at 80[degrees]C for 10 min. Charged arrays were prepared by PDDA(polydiallyldimethylammoninm chloride) which has a positive charge and PSS(poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) which has negative charge. After immobilization of chlamydial EB on PDDA surface and PSS surface, we investigated the surface using atomic force microscopy. After immobilization of EB of Chlamydia pneumoniae on surface, antibody for Chlamydia was applied on chip. We monitored the SPR wavelength-shift to detect antigen-antibody interaction using self-assembled SPR sensor.

RESULTS: The chlamydial EBs on positively charged PDDA were visible on surface by atomic force microscopy but EBs on PSS surface were not detected. SPR wavelength increased after interaction of antibody for Chlamydia pneumoniae with EBs immobilized on charged gold surface. The wavelength-shift was correlated with concentration of antigens.

CONCLUSION: We identified surface immobilization of EBs on gold surface with charged arrays and antigen-antibody interaction on gold chip. More researches are needed to apply to clinical implication.

CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: It may possible that protein chip would be used to diagnosis the atypical pneumonia using SPR sensor.

DISCLOSURE: Woo Kim, None.

Woo J. Kim MD * Jong Seol Yuk PhD Se-Hui Jung Ji Hyun Sung Sung Joon Lee MD Seung-Joon Lee MD Kwon-Soo Ha PhD Kangwon National University, Chunchon, Kangwon-do, South Korea

COPYRIGHT 2005 American College of Chest Physicians
COPYRIGHT 2005 Gale Group

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