Chloramphenicol chemical structure
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Chloramphenicol

Chloramphenicol (or 2,2-dichlor-N-acetamide) is an antibiotic that was derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae and is now produced synthetically. Chloramphenicol is effective against a wide variety of microorganisms, but due to serious side-effects (e.g., damage to the bone marrow, including aplastic anemia) in humans, it is usually reserved for the treatment of serious and life-threatening infections (e.g., typhoid fever). more...

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Regardless of serious side-effects, the WHO advocates its use in many third world countries for pediatric treatment in the absence of cheaper alternatives. It is used in treatment of cholera, as it destroys the vibrios and decreases the diarrhea. It is effective against tetracycline-resistant vibrios.

It is also used in eye drops or ointment, commonly sold under the name of Chlorsig, to treat bacterial conjunctivitis.

Mechanism and Resistance

Chloramphenicol stops bacterial growth by binding to the bacterial ribosome (blocking peptidyl transferase) and inhibiting protein synthesis.

Resistance to chloramphenicol is conferred by the cat-gene. This gene codes for an enzyme called "chloramphenicol acetyltransferase" which inactivates chloramphenicol by covalently linking one or two acetyl groups, derived from acetyl-S-coenzyme A, to the hydroxyl groups on the chloramphenicol. The acetylation prevents chloramphenicol from binding to the ribosome.

Codes

It has many different codings in the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System:

  • D06AX02
  • D10AF03
  • G01AA05
  • J01BA01
  • S01AA01
  • S02AA01
  • S03AA08

Read more at Wikipedia.org


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Non-use of an antibiotic in food suggested - UN Reported - chloramphenicol - Brief Article
From UN Chronicle, 3/1/02

FAO issued a statement suggesting that countries phase out the use of an antibiotic in food production that has been shown to cause genetic defects and could possibly lead to cancer. Chloramphenicol, a broad-spectrum antibiotic used in human and pet medicine, has been evaluated several times by an internationally recognized scientific committee, the UN agency said, and was found to be genotoxic. Most countries have banned the agent for use in food animal production, but it is still being used in some countries, in part in aquaculture.

COPYRIGHT 2002 United Nations Publications
COPYRIGHT 2002 Gale Group

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