Find information on thousands of medical conditions and prescription drugs.

Cilostazol

Pletal (pronunced PLAY-tal) is a drug treating symptoms of the medical condition intermittent claudication. It is manufactured by Otsuka Pharmaceutical; the drug's generic name is cilostazol (sil-OS-tah-zol). more...

Home
Diseases
Medicines
A
B
C
Cabergoline
Caduet
Cafergot
Caffeine
Calan
Calciparine
Calcitonin
Calcitriol
Calcium folinate
Campath
Camptosar
Camptosar
Cancidas
Candesartan
Cannabinol
Capecitabine
Capoten
Captohexal
Captopril
Carbachol
Carbadox
Carbamazepine
Carbatrol
Carbenicillin
Carbidopa
Carbimazole
Carboplatin
Cardinorm
Cardiolite
Cardizem
Cardura
Carfentanil
Carisoprodol
Carnitine
Carvedilol
Casodex
Cataflam
Catapres
Cathine
Cathinone
Caverject
Ceclor
Cefacetrile
Cefaclor
Cefaclor
Cefadroxil
Cefazolin
Cefepime
Cefixime
Cefotan
Cefotaxime
Cefotetan
Cefpodoxime
Cefprozil
Ceftazidime
Ceftriaxone
Ceftriaxone
Cefuroxime
Cefuroxime
Cefzil
Celebrex
Celexa
Cellcept
Cephalexin
Cerebyx
Cerivastatin
Cerumenex
Cetirizine
Cetrimide
Chenodeoxycholic acid
Chloralose
Chlorambucil
Chloramphenicol
Chlordiazepoxide
Chlorhexidine
Chloropyramine
Chloroquine
Chloroxylenol
Chlorphenamine
Chlorpromazine
Chlorpropamide
Chlorprothixene
Chlortalidone
Chlortetracycline
Cholac
Cholybar
Choriogonadotropin alfa
Chorionic gonadotropin
Chymotrypsin
Cialis
Ciclopirox
Cicloral
Ciclosporin
Cidofovir
Ciglitazone
Cilastatin
Cilostazol
Cimehexal
Cimetidine
Cinchophen
Cinnarizine
Cipro
Ciprofloxacin
Cisapride
Cisplatin
Citalopram
Citicoline
Cladribine
Clamoxyquine
Clarinex
Clarithromycin
Claritin
Clavulanic acid
Clemastine
Clenbuterol
Climara
Clindamycin
Clioquinol
Clobazam
Clobetasol
Clofazimine
Clomhexal
Clomid
Clomifene
Clomipramine
Clonazepam
Clonidine
Clopidogrel
Clotrimazole
Cloxacillin
Clozapine
Clozaril
Cocarboxylase
Cogentin
Colistin
Colyte
Combivent
Commit
Compazine
Concerta
Copaxone
Cordarone
Coreg
Corgard
Corticotropin
Cortisone
Cotinine
Cotrim
Coumadin
Cozaar
Crestor
Crospovidone
Cuprimine
Cyanocobalamin
Cyclessa
Cyclizine
Cyclobenzaprine
Cyclopentolate
Cyclophosphamide
Cyclopropane
Cylert
Cyproterone
Cystagon
Cysteine
Cytarabine
Cytotec
Cytovene
Isotretinoin
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z

Although drugs similar to Pletal have increased the risk of death in patients with congestive heart failure, studies of significant size have not addressed people without the disease.

It is not clear how pletal works, but its main effects are dilation of the arteries supplying blood to the legs and decreasing platelet coagulation.

Dosage

Pletal is typically taken in 100mg doses twice a day.

Interactions and side effects

Drugs that interact with Pletal include "itracomazole", "erythromycin", "ketoconazole", "dilitiazem", and "omeprazole". Grapefruit juice interacts with the drug; other citrus juices do not.

Possible side effects of Pletal include headache, diarrhea, abnormal stools, increased heart rate, and palpitations.

Important Note

Cilostazol, clearly effective for a debilitating condition whose current treatment is often inadequate, is a member of a pharmacologic class that is dangerous to people with severe heart failure and unstudied in other people. Cilostazol has been studied in people without heart failure, without evidence of harm, but much more data would be needed to determine that there is no risk at all. Although cilostazol would not be approvable for a trivial condition the Cardio-Renal Advisory Committee and FDA concluded that fully informed patients and physicians should be able to choose to use it to treat intermittent claudication. Patient and physician labeling will describe the basis for concern and the incomplete information available.

Read more at Wikipedia.org


[List your site here Free!]


Peripheral arterial disease: a systemic disease extending beyond the affected extremity
From Geriatrics, 4/1/04 by Daniel G. Federman

Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a common manifestation of the atherosclerotic process and is defined as abnormal arterial flow to the lower extremities. It is essential that clinicians caring for patients with PAD not only accurately diagnose the disease, but realize that PAD is only one manifestation of the atherosclerotic process, which is a common link between PAD, cerebrovascular disease, cardiovascular disease, and death.

Epidemiology

Peripheral arterial disease is relatively common; the age-adjusted prevalence of PAD is 12% among adults; among those over age 75, as many as 20 to 30% may be affected, (1) while for those over age 85, 50 to 60% may be affected. (2) Both symptomatic and asymptomatic patients with PAD have an increased mortality when compared to those without PAD. (3) The excess mortality attributable to PAD appears to be related in large part to an increased risk of death from cardiovascular disease. For example, compared with patients without a history of PAD, the 10-year mortality rate for cardiovascular events is increased three- to six-fold in those patients with PAD. (4) Even in the absence of prior MI, the risk of cardiovascular death is similar in patients with PAD compared with patients with known coronary artery or cerebrovascular disease. (5) The rate of cardiovascular events increases with increasing PAD severity as measured by the ankle-brachial index (ABI), (6) even in septuagenarians and octogenarians. (7) Patients with critical leg ischemia, those with the lowest ABI values, have an annual mortality approaching 25%, a mortality rate that is higher than that for many malignancies. (8)

Clinical manifestations

Although up to three-quarters of patients with PAD are asymptomatic, (9) those with symptoms often complain of intermittent claudication, which is described as a cramping pain in the calf, thigh, or buttocks that occurs with walking or other forms of exercise and remits within 5 to 10 minutes with the cessation of activity and rest. Patients with lumbar spinal stenosis may present with lower extremity symptoms similar to PAD. However, the pain of neurogenic claudication from spinal stenosis is slower to remit after cessation of exercise and is often not present when the patient assumes the position of forward spinal tilt, such as when pushing a grocery cart.

Disease of the aorto-iliacs may manifest with Leriche's syndrome, which comprises claudication of the buttocks and thighs, along with impotence, due to diminished flow to the pudendal artery. Although the cardiovascular disease associated with PAD can progress rapidly, the arterial disease often progresses slowly in the extremities of patients with claudication.

Diagnosis

Although PAD is prevalent, physician awareness and detection of the disease is low, (10) perhaps due to the high rate of asymptomatic disease. (9) Additionally, busy clinicians often fail to examine the feet of their patients or may mistakenly associate an absent dorsalis pedis pulse with normal aging. This, in turn, leads to missed opportunities for the use of effective secondary preventive measures, such as aggressive treatment of dyslipidemia and hypertension, instituting an exercise regimen, discontinuing tobacco use, and the use of antiplatelet agents. (10) Clinicians, therefore, need to be familiar with the various modalities other than patient history used in the diagnosis of PAD (table 1).

Symptom questionnaires: The original 8-question Rose questionnaire, an instrument used to standardize diagnosis and categorize claudication, was subsequently modified by Leng and Fowkes to a 6-question survey, with a reported sensitivity of 91% and specificity of 99% in patients, average age 70. (11)

Physical examination: The diagnosis of PAD can be supported by the physical examination. In a review of published studies, absent pedal pulses, a unilaterally cool distal foot, prolonged venous filling time, and the presence of a femoral bruit were found to be useful in diagnosing PAD. Conversely, the capillary refill test, foot discoloration, atrophic skin, and hairless extremities were not found to be helpful. (12)

Ankle-brachial index

A useful, simple test for diagnosing or assessing the impact of interventions is the ankle-brachial index (ABI), which has a sensitivity of 96% and sensitivity of 94 to 100% (13) and can be performed in any outpatient office or clinic. To perform an ABI, an appropriately sized blood pressure cuff is placed over the ankle of a supine patient, and with the use of a 5 to 10 mHz hand-held Doppler, systolic blood pressures are measured in the posterior tibial and dorsalis pedal arteries. The ABI for each extremity is determined by dividing the lower extremity pressure by the higher of the systolic brachial pressure. Whereas a normal value is greater than 1.0, values less than 0.9 are consistent with claudication in those with suggestive symptoms. ABI values of 0.81 to 0.9 are consistent with mild obstructive disease, 0.51 to 0.80 moderate disease, and values less than 0.50 are considered severe obstructive disease. (13) Patients in this latter category may not only experience rest pain, but may be unable to heal ischemic wounds without aggressive intervention. These patients also have a greatly increased mortality, even when compared to those with established, though less severe PAD. Those with an ABI of 0.3 or less have a risk of death that is nearly double of those with ABIs between 0.5 and 0.91 when followed for 52 months. (13)

The sensitivity of the ABI can be further increased in appropriate patients by the addition of exercise testing, which can be performed by having the patient walk on a treadmill at 1.5 to 2 miles per hour at a 10 to 15% incline for up to 5 minutes. (14) This should be considered when a patient has symptoms of claudication or risk factors for vascular disease and has normal ABI measurements at rest. Exercise testing is contraindicated in those with unstable coronary syndromes, critical ischemia, or in symptomatic patients with rest pain.

Older patients and those with diabetes may have stiff, calcified, non-compressible vessels and may have an ABI greater than 1.30, even in the presence of PAD. If PAD is suspected based on the presence of risk factors or symptoms in such patients, other diagnostic modalities should be considered. In patients with diabetes, the digital arteries of the toes are often spared from medial calcinosis, and therefore, the toe/brachial index may be useful. Other non-invasive tools include the use of segmental leg pressures, pulse volume recordings, Doppler waveform analysis, color duplex and color Doppler imaging, and magnetic resonance angiography.

Segmental leg pressure

Whereas an abnormally low ABI measurement provides information that arterial flow is compromised in the affected extremity, it provides no anatomic localization other than its occurrence somewhere in the affected leg. When multiple pressure measurements are obtained along the lower extremity, the site of the vascular obstruction can usually be identified. Appropriately sized pneumatic cuffs can be placed on (1) the proximal thigh just below the perineum, (2) the distal thigh, just above the patella, (3) the proximal calf, just below the knee, (4) the lower calf, just superior to the ankle, and (5) the first toe. (15) A decrease in pressure of 20 to 30 mm Hg from one segment to the adjacent more distal segment implies a significant arterial obstruction in the vessels between the pneumatic cuffs. (16)

Doppler waveform analysis and color duplex imaging

The finding of abnormal arterial waveforms as they are obtained sequentially down the lower extremity implies an arterial obstruction in the leg between where the normal and abnormal waveforms were obtained. The information obtained by Doppler waveform analysis can supplement that obtained with segmental leg pressures, identifying specific vessels responsible for symptoms.

Color duplex imaging combines real-time B-mode imaging with pulsed and color imaging. While B-mode imaging provides anatomic detail of the vessel, color Doppler provides information regarding the direction of flow and the presence of turbulence. Although this test can be useful in the evaluation, when compared with segmental leg pressures or waveform analysis, it requires a longer time for evaluation, a more skilled technologist, and more expensive equipment.

Magnetic resonance imaging

Refinements in magnetic resonance imaging have now improved its diagnostic capability for PAD, such that in some institutions, magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) has replaced conventional angiography prior to surgery, thereby eliminating the risks of angiography (eg, arterial puncture, plaque embolization, contrast-induced nephropathy). A meta-analysis of 34 studies including 1,090 subjects found MRA highly accurate for diagnosis of PAD in the entire lower extremity compared with conventional angiography or intra-arterial digital subtraction angiography, though three-dimensional gadolinium-enhanced MRA is superior to the two-dimensional MRA. (17)

Therapy

Because PAD is one manifestation of systemic atherosclerosis, therapy is not only directed at the affected extremity, but at the entire disease process to improve outcomes attributable to atherosclerosis in other vascular beds. Pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic interventions that target atherosclerotic risk factors should be used to improve quality of life, decrease the risk of amputation, MI, stroke and death (table 2).

Risk factor modification

It is imperative that primary care physicians identify and aggressively treat modifiable atherosclerotic risk factors such as smoking, dyslipidemia, diabetes, and hypertension. Smoking is an important risk factor for the development of PAD and primary care clinicians need to advise patients to stop smoking and assist them to reach this goal. Nicotine replacement (in the form of transdermal patches, spray, gum, or inhaler) or the antidepressant bupropion, combined with behavioral modification enhances the rate of smoking cessation18 and should be strongly recommended, even in older adults.

Dyslipidemia is a strong independent risk factor for atherosclerotic complications. Several large, well-done clinical trials have demonstrated the beneficial effects of lipid lowering in those with coronary heart disease. (19) In patients with claudication, lipid-lowering therapy reduces disease progression and claudication. (20) In the Heart Protection Study, over 20,000 high-risk subjects were randomized to the HMGcoA-reductase inhibitor simvastatin or placebo. High-risk subjects included not only those with known cardiovascular disease, but patients with diabetes and those with cerebrovascular or peripheral vascular disease. Those randomized to simvastatin had an approximately 25% reduction in cardiovascular events compared to those randomized to placebo; (21) similar results were found in the subset of patients enrolled with PAD (as defined by the presence of intermittent claudication or lower extremity vascular surgery or angioplasty) and no known cardiovascular disease. Interestingly, similar reductions were found in older adults and the subset of study patients who had LDL cholesterol levels below 100 mg/dL (the target currently recommended by the Adult Treatment Panel (ATPIII) of the US National Cholesterol Education Program for patients with cardiovascular, other vascular disease, or diabetes mellitus (22) before treatment, suggesting that there may not be a lower threshold for initiating therapy.

Diabetes mellitus is a common disorder associated with significant morbidity and mortality, and intensive control of blood glucose has been shown to reduce the risk of most complications. However, intensive control of blood glucose has not been shown to reduce the risk of PAD (23) or the risk of amputation related to PAD, (24) although it has been shown to reduce microvascular complications (ie, nephropathy, neuropathy, retinopathy). While these findings do not support intensive glycemic control for control of PAD, it should be strongly considered in order to reduce microvascular complications. Similarly, although hypertension is a known risk factor for cardiovascular disease, it is not presently known whether treatment of hypertension alters the progression of PAD. While diuretics and beta-blockers are recommended by the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure as initial pharmacologic therapy unless indications for other agents exist,25 more recently the angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, ramipiril, has been shown to confer cardiovascular protection beyond what would be expected by its blood pressure lowering effects alone in a cohort of subjects with vascular disease or multiple risk factors for vascular disease. (26)

Exercise and specific medical therapy

Several small trials have evaluated the role and efficacy of exercise therapy for patients with PAD. A review of the literature found that exercise is associated with an increase in maximal walking distance of 150% (range 74% to 230%). (27) Additional studies are needed to demonstrate the cost-effectiveness and long-term benefits of exercise for PAD as well as to compare different aerobic exercise regimens.

The xanthine derivative pentoxifylline has been shown to increase walking distances in patients with claudication when used for up to 6 months, although its exact mechanism of action is not clearly understood, its long-term efficacy unproven, and its effects often are not dramatic. (28)

Cilostazol, a phosphodiesterase III inhibitor, has been shown to be superior to pentoxifylline in its ability to improve maximal walking distance and is generally well-tolerated; (29) it is more expensive than pentoxifylline, however. It is contraindicated for those with congestive heart failure, since a chemically-related agent has been shown to increase mortality in these patients.

Aspirin, at doses of 81 to 325 mg daily, have been recommended for those with PAD. (30) Other anti-platelet agents, such as ticlopidine and clopidogrel, have also proven effective for those with PAD. Ticlopidine, which inhibits adenosine 5'-diphosphate-stimulated fibrinogen binding to its platelet receptor, is superior to placebo in its ability to increase walking distance. (31) However, due to the risk of drug-induced neutropenia and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP), it has been supplanted by a newer, chemically-related drug, clopidogrel, which has a lower incidence of side effects. This latter agent reduces cardiovascular risk when compared with aspirin in patients with atherosclerosis, although the absolute reduction in risk was small. (32) In this study, 115 patients needed to be treated with clopidogrel rather than aspirin for 2 years to prevent one vascular event.

Other agents currently available with potential use for those with PAD include levocarnitine, and prostaglandins. (33) Additional evidence to support their use is warranted before they can be recommended for routine clinical practice.

Conclusions

Peripheral arterial disease is a common manifestation of the atherosclerotic process and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Clinicians should be aware of its risk and consider screening for PAD, just as they screen for malignancy, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. For those found to have PAD, risk factor reduction, such as smoking cessation, initiation or augmentation of an exercise regimen, treatment of hypertension and diabetes mellitus, as well as aspirin and/or clopidogrel, and statin therapy should be employed whenever possible. Patients with non-healing ulcers or tissue loss accompanied by a low ABI, rest pain, or severe, debilitating claudication should be referred to vascular surgeons or interventional radiologists for consideration of more aggressive interventions.

Free vascular screenings: May 14, 2004

Primary care physicians are encouraged to refer patients for free vascular screenings at one of more than 100 locations around the country as part of the American Vascular Association's (AVA) National Screening Day.

The 20-minute AVA Screening program includes the following:

* A "quick" carotid duplex scan for the detection of carotid stenosis combined with a cardiac rhythm strip and blood pressure measurement to address stroke risk reduction.

* An aortic ultrasound scan for the detection of abdominal aortic aneurysm.

* An ankle brachial index for the detection of peripheral arterial disease.

All participating centers will receive a comprehensive array of public education materials to distribute and resources to assist them in the performance of the program.

To qualify as one of the locations, centers must have have accredited noninvasive vascular testing resources.

The American Vascular Association is a public health advocacy organization whose mission is to reduce deaths and disabilities due to vascular disease. The AVA is a public education initiative of the Society for Vascular Surgery.

For more information, call 1-800-282-2010, or visit the website at http://www.vascularweb.org.

Log on to www.geri.com

* Heart disease in older women

Gender differences affect diagnosis and treatment Deadline: June 1, 2004

* Sleep disorders in older adults

A primary care guide to assessing 4 common sleep problems in geriatric patients Deadline: July 1, 2004

* Insomnia, depression, and aging

Assessing sleep and mood interactions in older adults Deadline: August 1, 2004

* A sleep review of systems

Evaluating effects of medical disorders on sleep in older patients Deadline: September 1, 2004

Accredited through Mount Sinai School of Medicine's Brookdale Department of Geriatrics and Adult Development, the first and foremost department of geriatrics in the United States.

Log on to www.geri.com

References

(1.) Criqui MH, Fronek A, Barrett-Connor E, Klamber MR, Gabriel S, Goodman D. The prevalence of peripheral arterial disease in a defined population. Circulation 1985; 71(3):510-5.

(2.) Meijer WT, Grobbee DE, Hunink MG, Hoffman A, Hoes AW. Determinants of peripheral arterial disease in the elderly: The Rotterdam study. Arch Intern Med 2000; 160(9):2934-8.

(3.) Rockson SG, Cooke JP. Peripheral arterial insufficiency: Mechanisms, natural history, and therapeutic options. Adv Intern Med 1998; 43(6):253-77.

(4.) Criqui MH, Langer RD, Fronek A, et al. Mortality over a period of 10 years in patients with peripheral arterial disease. N Engl J Med 1992; 326(3):381-6.

(5.) Newman AB, Shemanski L, Manolio TA, et al. Ankle-arm index as a predictor of cardiovascular disease and mortality in the Cardiovascular Health Study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1999; 19(3):538-45.

(6.) McKenna M, Wolfson S, Kuller L. The ratio of ankle and arm arterial pressure as an independent predictor of mortality. Atherosclerosis 1991; 87(2-3):119-28.

(7.) Jonsson B, Skau T. Ankle-brachial index and mortality in a cohort of questionnaire recorded leg pain on walking. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2002; 24(5):405-10.

(8.) Dormandy JA, Heeck L, Vig S. The fate of patients with critical leg ischemia. Semin Vasc Surg 1999; 12(2):142-7.

(9.) Stoffers HE, Rinkens PE, Kester AD, Kaiser V, Knotterus JA. The prevalence of asymptomatic and unrecognized peripheral arterial occlusive disease. Int J Epidemiol 1996; 25(2):282-90.

(10.) Hirsch AT, Criqui MH, Treat-Jacobson D, et al. Peripheral arterial disease detection, awareness, and treatment in primary care. JAMA 2001; 286(11): 1317-24.

(11.) Leng GC, Fowkes, FG. The Edinburgh claudication questionnaire: An improved version of the WHO/Rose questionnaire for use in epidemiological surveys. J Clin Epidemiol 1992; 45(10):1101-9.

(12.) McGee SR, Boyko EJ. Physical examination and chronic lower-extremity ischemia: A crtical review. Arch Intern Med 1998;158(12):1357-64.

(13.) Ouriel K, McDonnell AE, Metz CE, Zarins CK. Critical evaluation of stress testing in the diagnosis of peripheral vascular disease. Surgery 1982; 91(6):686-93.

(14.) Gahtan V. The noninvasive vascular laboratory. Surg Clin North Am 1998; 78(4):507-18.

(15.) Rose SC. Noninvasive vascular laboratory for evaluation of peripheral arterial occlusive disease: part II-clinical applications: Chronic, usually atherosclerotic, lower extremity ischemia. J Vasc Inter Radiol 2000; 11(10):1257-75.

(16.) Barnes RW. Noninvasive diagnostic assessment of peripheral vascular disease. Circulation 1991; 83 (suppl 2):I20-27.

(17.) Koelemay MJ, Lijmer JG, Stoker J, Legemate DA, Bossuyt PM. Magnetic resonance angiography for the evaluation of lower extremity arterial disease: A meta-analysis. JAMA 2001; 285(10):1338-45.

(18.) Hughes JR, Goldstein MG, Hurt RD, Shiffman S. Recent advances in the pharmacotherapy of smoking. JAMA 1999; 281(1):72-6.

(19.) LaRosa JC, He J, Vupputurri S. Effect of statins on risk of coronary disease: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JAMA 1999; 282(24):2340-46.

(20.) Leng GC, Price JF, Jepson RG. Lipid-lowering for lower limb atherosclerosis. The Cochrane Library, Issue 1, 2004. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Last accessed 3.18/04 at http://212.49.218.202/abstracts/ab000123.htm.

(21.) Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20,536 high-risk individuals: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2002; 360(9326):7-22.

(22.) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. Executive summary of the third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA 2001; 285(19):2486-2487.

(23.) Effect of intensive diabetes management on macrovascular events and risk factors in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. Am J Cardiol 1995; 75(14):894-903.

(24.) Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Lancet 1998; 352(9131):837-853.

(25.) Chobanian AV, Bakris HR, Black HR, et al. Seventh report of the joint national committee on the prevention, detection, and treatment of high blood pressure: The JNC 7 report. JAMA 2003; 289(19): 2560-72.

(26.) Yusuf S, Sleight P, Pogue J, Bosch J, Davies R, Dagenais G. Effects of an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients.The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. N Engl J Med 2000; 342(3):145-53.

(27.) Leng GC, Fowler B, Ernst E. Exercise for intermittent claudication. The Cochrane Library, Issue 1, 2004. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Last accessed 3.18/04 at http://212.49.218.202/abstracts/ab000990.htm.

(28.) Gillings D, Koch G, Reich T, et al. Another look at the pentoxifylline efficacy data for intermittent claudication. J Clin Pharmacol 1987; 27(8):601-609.

(29.) Dawson DL, Cutler BS, Hiatt WR, et al. A comparison of cilostazol and pentoxifylline for treating intermittent claudication. Am J Med 2000; 109(7): 523-30.

(30.) Sachdev GP, Ohlrogge KD, Johnson CL. Review of the Fifth American College of Chest Physicians Consensus Conference on Antithrombotic Therapy: outpatient management for adults. Am J Health Syst Pharm 1999; 56(15): 1505-14.

(31.) Arcan JC, Blanchard J, Boissel JP, Destors JM, Panak E. Multicenter double-blind study of ticlopidine in the treatment of intermittent claudication and the prevention of its complications. Angiology 1988; 39(9):802-11.

(32.) A randomized, blinded, trial of clopidogrel versus aspirin in patients at risk of ischemic events (CAPRIE). CAPRIE Steering Committee. Lancet 1996; 348(9038):1329-39.

(33.) Hiatt WR. Medical treatment of peripheral arterial disease and claudication. N Engl J Med 2001; 344(21):1608-21.

Dr. Federman is Firm Chief, Primary Care, VA Connecticut Health Care System; West Haven; and associate professor of medicine, department of internal medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.

Dr. Bravata is with the Clinical Epidemiology Research Center (CERC), VA Connecticut Health Care System, West Haven; and assistant professor of medicine, department of internal medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.

Dr. Kirsner is Chief of Dermatology, Miami VA Medical Center; and associate professor of medicine, department of dermatology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL.

Disclosure: None of the authors have any potential conflict of interest with any product mentioned in the manuscript. Dr. Bravata is supported by a Career Development Award from the Department of Veteran Affairs Health Services Research & Development.

COPYRIGHT 2004 Advanstar Communications, Inc.
COPYRIGHT 2004 Gale Group

Return to Cilostazol
Home Contact Resources Exchange Links ebay