Unilateral incompleteUnilateral completeBilateral completeUnilateral complete lip and palate
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Cleft palate

Cleft is a congenital deformity caused by a failure in facial development during pregnancy. It can be treated with surgery shortly after birth with highly successful results. Cleft occurs in somewhere between one in 600 and one in 800 births. Cleft occurs in several severities and is divided in two major categories: cleft lip (or hare lip/hair lip) and cleft palate. more...

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A cleft is a separation in a body structure. Clefts that occur in the oral-facial region often involve the lip, the roof of the mouth (hard palate) or the soft tissue in the back of the mouth (soft palate). Two major types of oral-facial clefts are cleft lip/palate and isolated cleft palate.

Cleft lip

If only skin tissue is affected one speaks of cleft lip.

Cleft lip is formed in the upper lip as either a small gap or dent in the lip (partial or incomplete cleft) or continues into the nose (complete cleft). Lip cleft can occur as one sided (unilateral) or two sided (bilateral).

It is colloquially called hare-lip (because a hare's lip is similarly cleft), or even hair lip (misspelling of the previous).

Cleft Palate

Cleft palate is a condition in which the two plates of the skull that form the hard palate (roof of the mouth) are not completely joined. The soft palate is in these cases cleft as well. In most cases, cleft lip is also present.

Palate cleft can occur as complete (soft and hard palate, possibly including a gap in the jaw) or incomplete (a 'hole' in the roof of the mouth, usually as a cleft soft palate). When cleft palate occurs, the uvula is usually split.

Causes

During the first six to eight weeks of pregnancy, the shape of the embryo's head is formed. Five tissues grow: one from the back of the neck over the top of the head down towards the upper lip, two from the cheeks and meet the first layer to form the upper lip and two from each side form the chin and lower lip. If these tissues fail to meet, a gap appears where the tissues should have joined.

The cause of cleft lip and cleft palate formation is genetic in nature. A specific gene that increases three-fold the occurrence of these deformities has been identified in 2004 as reported by the BBC . If a person is born with a cleft, the chances of that person having a child with a cleft, given no other obvious factor, rises to 7 in 100 (instead of 1 in 700). Folic acid reduces the odds slightly.

Clefting seems to be at least in part related to ethnicity, occurring most often among Asians, Latinos and Native Americans (1 in 500), next most often among persons of European ethnicity (1 in 700) and least often among persons of African ethnicity (1 in 1,000).

In some cases, cleft palate is caused by syndromes which also cause other problems. Many clefts run in families, even though there does not seem to be any identifiable syndrome present.

Therapy

Within the first 6 months after birth, surgery is performed to close the gap in the lip. Most large hospitals have a Cleft or Craniofacial team of specialists to treat children and aid parents. Often an incomplete cleft requires the same surgery as complete cleft. This is done for two reasons. Firstly the group of muscles required to purse your lips run through the upper lip. In order to restore the complete group a full incision must be made. Secondly, to create a less obvious scar the surgeon tries to line up the scar with the natural lines in the upper lip (such as the edges of the philtrum) and tuck away stiches as far up the nose as possible. Incomplete cleft gives the surgeon more tissue to work with, creating a more supple and natural looking upper lip. Cleft palate also can be corrected by surgery, usually performed between 9 and 18 months. Combinations of surgery methods and repeated surgeries are often necessary as the child grows.

Read more at Wikipedia.org


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Lip or palate: secondhand smoke linked to increase in fetal cleft risk
From OB/GYN News, 6/1/04 by Debra Wood

KISSIMMEE, FLA. -- Women exposed to secondhand smoke have a 1.3 times risk of delivering a child with cleft palate and a 1.2 times risk for cleft lip, according to preliminary data from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study, Dr. Sonja Rasmussen reported at a meeting sponsored by the American College of Medical Genetics.

"This is the first study that has shown women who are exposed to tobacco have an increased risk of borderline significance of cleft lip or palate," said Dr. Rasmussen of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta. "This is important because even a small increased risk with an exposure as common as environmental tobacco smoke can have a significant public health effect. If the numbers are right, then you have the power to eliminate these problems."

The National Birth Defects Prevention Study is a large case-control study of infants born with 40 different major congenital anomalies. It includes 10 sites, and enrolled participants through a surveillance system. Researchers interview mothers of study infants and obtain buccal cells from the infants and parents for DNA analysis. Since its inception in 1997, 18,824 infants with defects have been enrolled as have 6,696 controls. Investigators have completed 16,000 interviews.

Investigators decided to test the old hypothesis about smoking and clefts, using data from infants born between Oct. 1, 1997, and Dec. 31, 2000. This portion of the study included 1,106 cases with orofacial clefts and 2,561 controls. This was the population used to determine this risk of clefts in infants of women exposed to secondhand smoke discussed above.

The preliminary data also showed that women who smoke are 1.3 times more likely to deliver an infant with cleft palate and 1.4 times more likely to deliver a child with cleft lip, with or without cleft palate. Investigators will continue adding patients for another 6 months. However, the results appear relatively consistent with a meta-analysis of prior studies.

Dr. Rasmussen explained the biologic plausibility of a relationship between clefts and cigarette smoke, which contains 4,000 chemicals and 80 known carcinogens or toxins. Hypoxia; vasoconstriction, which reduces nutrients to embryonic tissues; chemicals binding with DNA: heavy metals; and other mechanisms may contribute. Folic acid intake may mediate tobacco's effects.

Dose response has been inconsistent in the CDC's preliminary data, with increased risk for cleft palate higher among women who smoked a pack or more daily and risk for cleft lip elevated more in women smoking less than a pack daily. Researchers will continue to look at interactions, cofounders, and gene reactions. Results may vary, depending on whether the women smoked during critical periods for fetal development, the puff frequency, and depth of inhalation.

BY DEBRA WOOD

Contributing Writer

COPYRIGHT 2004 International Medical News Group
COPYRIGHT 2004 Gale Group

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