This is a sample image. Everyone should be able to see the number 83. The pictures below should look similar (containing just different numbers) to people with normal vision, but some of them will not be visible to people with a color vision deficiency. Note, however, that the contrast in these tests is much subtler than commonly seen in other similar tests.This image contains a two digit number similar to the sample above. Someone who is protanopic might not see this number.Someone who is deuteranopic might not see this number.  Please note that the second digit in this number may be difficult to discern even by those with normal vision.Someone who is tritanopic might not see this number.
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Color blindness

Color blindness, or color vision deficiency, in humans is the inability to perceive differences between some or all colors that other people can distinguish. It is most often of genetic nature, but may also occur because of eye, nerve, or brain damage, or due to exposure to certain chemicals. The English chemist John Dalton in 1794 published the first scientific paper on the subject, "Extraordinary facts relating to the vision of colors", after the realization of his own color blindness; because of Dalton's work, the condition is sometimes called Daltonism, although this term is now used for a type of color blindness called deuteranopia (see below). more...

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Color blindness is usually classed as a disability; however, in select situations color blind people have advantages over people with normal color vision. Color blind hunters are better at picking out prey against a confusing background, and the military have found that color blind soldiers can sometimes see through camouflage that fools everyone else. Monochromats may have a minor advantage in dark vision, but only in the first five minutes of dark adaptation.

Prevalence

Color blindness affects a significant number of people, although exact proportions vary among groups. In Australia, for example, approximately 4% of the population suffers from some deficiency in color perception. Isolated communities with a restricted gene pool sometimes produce high proportions of color blindness, including the less usual types. Examples include rural Finland and some of the Scottish islands.

Causes of color blindness

There are many types of color blindness. The most common varieties are hereditary (genetic) photoreceptor disorders, but it is also possible to acquire color blindness through damage to the retina, optic nerve, or higher brain areas. Higher brain areas implicated in color processing include the parvocellular pathway of the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus, and visual area V4 of the visual cortex. Acquired color blindness is generally unlike the more typical genetic disorders. For example, it is possible to acquire color blindness only in a portion of the visual field but maintain normal color vision elsewhere. Some forms of acquired color blindness are reversible. Transient color blindness also occurs (very rarely) in the aura of some migraine sufferers.

Classification of color deficiencies

  • Acquired
  • Congenital
  • Dichromacy
  • Protanopia
  • Deuteranopia
  • Tritanopia
  • Anomalous trichromacy
  • Protanomaly
  • Deuteranomaly
  • Tritanomaly
  • Monochromacy
  • Rod monochromacy
  • Achromatopsia

The normal human retina contains two kinds of light sensitive cells: the rod cells (active in low light) and the cone cells (active in normal daylight). Normally, there are three kinds of cones, each containing a different pigment. The cones are activated when the pigments absorb light. The absorption spectra of the pigments differ; one is maximally sensitive to short wavelengths, one to medium wavelengths, and the third to long wavelengths (their peak sensitivities are in the blue, yellowish-green, and yellow regions of the spectrum, respectively). It is important to realize that the absorption spectra of all three systems cover much of the visible spectrum, so it is incorrect to refer to them as "blue", "green" and "red" receptors, especially because the "red" receptor actually has its peak sensitivity in the yellow. The sensitivity of normal color vision actually depends on the overlap between the absorption spectra of the three systems: different colors are recognized when the different types of cone are stimulated to different extents. For example, red light stimulates the long wavelength cones much more than either of the others, but the gradual change in hue seen as wavelength reduces is the result of the other two cone systems being increasingly stimulated as well.

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Color blindness
From Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine, 4/6/01 by Lorraine T. Steefel

Definition

Color blindness is the word used to describe mild to severe difficulties with identifying various colors and shades of colors. It is a misleading term because colorblind people are not blind. Rather, they tend to confuse some colors, and a rare few may not see colors at all.

Description

Normal color vision requires the use of special cells, called cones, located in the retina of the eye. There are three types of cones, termed red, blue, and green, which enable people to see a large spectrum of colors. A defect or deficiency of any of the types of cones will result in abnormal color vision.

The following are three basic types of color blindness:

  • Red/green color blindness. Red/green color blindness is the most common deficiency, affecting 8% of Caucasian males and 0.5% of females. People with red/green color blindness can often distinguish red or green if they can visually compare the colors. For example, they can pick out red or green from a package of colored pencils. However, if handed a red pencil, they cannot tell what color the pencil is.
  • Blue color blindness. Blue color blindness, which is rare, is an inability to distinguish both blue and yellow. Blue and yellow are seen as white or grey. Although as many females as males have this deficiency, it usually appears in people who have physical disorders, such as liver disease or diabetes mellitus. However, it is not uncommon for young boys to have blue/green confusion that becomes less pronounced in adulthood.
  • Total color blindness. Total color blindness is called achromatopsia. This very rare hereditary disorder results in vision that is black, white, and shades of gray. It affects one person in 33,000 (1/33,000) in the United States, males and females equally. People with achromatopsia usually have poor visual acuity and extreme sensitivity to light. Their vision is significantly impaired and they protect their light-sensitive eyes by squinting in even ordinary light.

Causes & symptoms

The symptom of color blindness is the long-term inability to distinguish colors or notice some colors entirely. Most cases of color blindness are inherited, affecting males almost exclusively.

Color blindness can be acquired by the following:

  • Chronic illness. Illnesses that can lead to color blindness are: Alzheimer's disease, diabetes, glaucoma, leukemia, liver diseases, chronic alcoholism, macular degeneration, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, sickle cell anemia, and retinitis pigmentosa.
  • Trauma. Accidents or strokes that damage the eye can lead to color blindness.
  • Medications. Some frequently used medications may cause color blindness. Some antibiotics, barbiturates, anti-tubercular drugs, high blood pressure medications, and a number of medications used to treat nervous disorders and psychological problems may lead to color blindness.
  • Industrial toxins. Strong chemicals can cause color vision loss. Some include carbon monoxide, carbon disulfide, fertilizers, styrene, and lead-based chemicals.
  • Aging. After age 60, changes occur in people's capacity to see colors.

Diagnosis

Some of the tests available to detect color vision in the general public include:

  • American Optical/Hardy, Rand, and Ritter (AO/H.R.R.) Pseudoisochromatic test. This is the test used most often to detect color blindness. A person with full color vision looking at a sample plate from this test would see a number, composed of blobs of one color, clearly located somewhere in the center of a circle of blobs of another color. A colorblind person is not able to distinguish the number.
  • Ishihara test. The Ishihara test is made up of eight test plates similar to the AO/H.R.R. pseudoisochromatic test plates. The person being tested looks for numbers made up of various colored dots on each test plate.
  • Titmus II Vision Tester Color Perception test. During this test, a person looks into a stereoscopic machine. The chin rests on a base, and the image comes on only when the forehead touches a pad on the top of the unit. Either a series of plates, or only one plate, can be used to test for color vision. The one most often used in doctor's offices is one that has six samples on it. Six different designs or numbers are on a black background, framed in a yellow border. While Titmus II can test one eye at a time, its value is limited because it only tests for red/green deficiencies and is not highly accurate.

Treatment

There is no treatment or cure for color blindness. Most color deficient persons compensate well for their defect and may even discover instances in which they can discern details and images that would escape normal-sighted persons.

Prognosis

Color blindness that is hereditary is present in both eyes and remains constant through time. Some cases of acquired color vision loss are not severe and last for only a short time. Other cases tend to be progressive, becoming worse with time.

Prevention

Hereditary color blindness cannot be prevented. In the case of acquired color blindness, if the cause of the problem is removed, the condition may improve with time. If not, damage may become permanent.

Key Terms

Acuity
Acuity is the clarity or sharpness of vision.
Cone cells
Cone cells are special cells in the retina and are responsible for color vision and fine visual discrimination.
Retina
The retina is the innermost lining of the eye, containing light sensitive nerve tissue composed of rod and cone cells.
Stereoscopic
Stereoscopic refers to vision in which things have a three dimensional appearance.

Further Reading

For Your Information

    Books

  • D'Alonzo, T.L. Your Eyes! A Comprehensive Look at the Understanding and Treatment of Vision Problems. Clifton Heights, PA: Avanti, 1992.
  • Newell, Frank. Ophthalmology Principles and Concepts. Boston, MA: Mosby, 1996.
  • Rosenthal, Odeda, and Robert H. Phillips. Coping with Color-Blindness. Garden City Park, NY: Avery Publishing Group, 1997.

    Organizations

  • Achromatopsia Network. C/O Frances Futterman, P.O. Box 214, Berkeley, CA 94701-0214. http://www.achromat.org/how_to_join.html.
  • American Academy of Ophthalmology. 1533 Shattuck Avenue, Berkeley, CA 94701. (847) 845-1059. http://www.geocities.com/Heartland/8833/coloreye.html and http://www.zipmall.com/mpm-art-colorbl.html.
  • National Society to Prevent Blindness. 500 East Remington Road, Schaumburg, IL 60173. (708) 843-2020 or (800) 331-2020. http://www.preventblindness.org.

Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine. Gale Research, 1999.

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