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Alginic acid (algine, alginate) is a viscous gum that is abundant in the cell walls of brown algae. more...

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Structure

Chemically, it is a linear copolymer with homopolymeric blocks of (1-4)-linked ß-D-mannuronate (M) and its C-5 epimer α-L-guluronate (G) residues, respectively, covalently linked together in different sequences or blocks.

The monomers can appear in homopolymeric blocks of consecutive G-residues (G-blocks), consecutive M-residues (M-blocks), alternating M and G-residues (MG-blocks) or randomly organized blocks. The relative amount of each block type varies both with the origin of the alginate. Alternating blocks form the most flexible chains and are more soluble at lower pH than the other blocks. G-blocks form stiff chain elements, and two G-blocks of more than 6 residues each form stable cross-linked junctions with divalent cations (e.g. Ca2+, Ba2+, Sr2+ among others) leading to a three-dimensional gel network. At low pH, protonized alginates will form acidic gels. In these gels, it is mostly the homopolymeric blocks that form the junctions, where the stability of the gel is determined by the relative content of G-blocks.

Forms

Commercial varieties of alginate are extracted from seaweed, including the giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera, Ascophyllum Nodosum and various types of Laminaria.

Alginate absorbs water quickly, which makes it useful as an additive in dehydrated products such as slimming aids, and in the manufacture of paper and textiles. It is also used for waterproofing and fireproofing fabrics, for thickening drinks, ice cream and cosmetics, and as a detoxifier that can absorb poisonous metals from the blood. Alginate is also produced by certain bacteria, notably Azotobacter species. Attempts to produce bacterial alginate have not yet been commercially successful.

Alginate ranges from white to yellowish brown, and takes filamentous, grainy, granular, and powdered forms. It is insoluble in water and organic solvents, and dissolves slowly in basic solutions of sodium carbonate, sodium hydroxide and trisodium phosphate.

Uses

Purified forms of alginate are used in antacid preparations such as Gaviscon®, Bisodol®, Asilone®, and Boots Own® tablets. Alginate is used extensivly as a mold-making material in dentistry and prosthetics, and in textiles. It is also used in the food industry, for thickening soups and jellies. Calcium alginate is used in burn dressings that promote healing and can be removed painlessly.

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Prilosec OTC launch will be easy to stomach - News
From Drug Store News, 7/21/03 by Michael Johnsen

With $3 billion in drug sales in the 12 months ending March, representing one quarter of the overall proton-pump-inhibitor market, Procter & Gamble's Prilosec OTC is heading to a front-end shelf in mid-September to be sold alongside the likes of Maalox, Pepcid Complete, Tums and Zantac 75.

The switch will take Prilosec, still the No. 6 medicine by prescription sales volume in the United States, from behind the counter and bring it to the front end, where margins are larger, the potential consumer base is greater, but where the dollar universe is so very much smaller. What may be even more alarming to pharmacy operators is the potential dampening of the entire PPI prescription drug market--the second leading therapeutic class by sales, according to IMS Health figures.

On the positive side, foot traffic through the digestives aisle is bound to increase in direct correlation to the amount of advertising that will be afforded the category.

With the significant market share that Prilosec still enjoys behind the counter, any erosion of this prescription base will translate into fewer dollars, but the impact will not be as great as was the case with Claritin.

Retailers don't seem too concerned. "[Rite Aid] management indicated that ... generic Prilosec and its successor drug, Nexium, have already cannibalized the majority of Prilosec's sales," wrote Lisa Cartwright, Smith Barney analyst, in a recent note regarding Rite Aid's June performance. Walgreens executives echoed those remarks, Cartwright said.

After the switch of Claritin, many third party payers steered their patients away from the remaining prescription medications in the non-sedating antihistamine market. This will not be the case with PPIs.

First, many health insurers already have placed PPIs on a non-formulary list, requiring doctors to try H2-blockers for their GERD patients first.

Further, Prilosec 20 mg will retain a dual status with an indication of frequent heartburn for the OTC package and keeping its indication for the treatment of GERD and other gastrointestinal problems as a prescription-only option.

P&G has estimated OTC Prilosec sales will fall between $200 million and $400 million in its first year--a pretty heady target. Should OTC Prilosec pull in just $200 million in the coming year, that would be enough to make it the volume leader, by far, in OTC antacid tablets. Johnson & Johnson/Merck's Pepcid AC, currently No. 1 in the category, generated sales of $82.8 million for the 52 weeks ending May 18, according to Information Resources Inc. Those $200 million in sales would even drive P&G past GlaxoSmithKline as the leading antacid tablet manufacturer--GSK generated $166.2 million over that time period, across its three brands, Tums, Tagamet HB 200 and Gaviscon.

One hurdle P&G must overcome if it's to reach its sales goals is educating the average consumer on how to use OTC Prilosec. Unlike antacids, or even H2 blockers, Prilosec takes between one and four days before symptoms are relieved.

One lesson learned from the switch of H2s was the importance of establishing a clear brand identity with the consumer, remarked Kathy Widmer, director of marketing for J&J/Merck.

The OTC Prilosec launch certainly will be well supported. Although the company would not reveal P&G's projected ad budget for OTC Prilosec, executives did note that the ad support would be comparable to new products P&G has introduced in the past. Comparatively, P&G spent $63.9 million last year for the launch of Thermacare heat wraps.

COPYRIGHT 2003 Reproduced with permission of the copyright holder. Further reproduction or distribution is prohibited without permission.
COPYRIGHT 2003 Gale Group

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