The 1st-century BC sculpture 'The Reclining Hermaphrodite', in the Museo Palazzo Massimo Alle Terme in Rome
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Hermaphroditism

In zoology, a hermaphrodite is an organism of a species whose members possess both male and female sexual organs during their lives. In many species, hermaphroditism is a normal part of the life-cycle. Generally, hermaphroditism occurs in the invertebrates, although it occurs in a fair number of fish, and to a lesser degree in other vertebrates. more...

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See below for use of the term in plants.

Note: The term "hermaphrodite" has historically been used to describe people with ambiguous genitalia or biological sex. The broader term intersexual is often used and is preferred by many such individuals and medical professionals. The term is still used by the pornography industry, though often as a synonym for transsexual, as true human intersexuals are rare.

In animals

  • Sequential hermaphrodite: The organism is born as one sex and later changes into the other sex.
    • Protandry: When the organism starts as a male, and changes sex to a female later in life.
      • Example: The seabasses (Family Serranidae). These are a highly sought food fish complex made up of primarily groupers. Since even a small male can produce more than enough sperm to fertilize a huge number of eggs, while a female's egg output increases greatly with an increase in size, this strategy makes sense for an organism (fish in general) where over 90% of the eggs laid will not result in a fish that reaches sexual maturity. It has been shown that fishing pressure actually is causing a change in when the switch from male to female occurs, since fishermen naturally prefer to catch the larger fish. The populations are generally changing sex at a smaller size, due to artificial selection.
    • Protogyny: When the organism starts as a female, and changes sex to a male later in life.
      • Example: Wrasses (Family Labridae) are reef fish that tend to have three distinct sexual types. Small females, immature males and supermales. The small females and the immature males have identical colorations. The supermale is usually brightly colored, and there is only one in a given area of the reef. This supermale dominates the other wrasses of the species, having the choice of females to mate with. When the supermale dies, the largest wrasse in the area, male or female, becomes the new supermale.
  • Simultaneous hermaphrodite (or synchronous hermaphrodite): The organism has both male and female sexual organs at the same time as an adult. Usually, self-fertilization does not occur.
    • Example: Hamlets, which (unlike other fish) seem quite at ease mating in front of divers, allowing observations in the wild to occur readily. They do not practice self-fertilization, but when they find a mate, the pair takes turns between which one acts as the male and which acts as the female through multiple matings, usually over the course of several nights.
  • Gonadal dysgenesis, a type of intersexuality formerly known as "True Hermaphroditism", occurs in about one percent of mammals (including humans), but it is extremely rare for both sets of sexual organs to be functional, usually neither set is functional. In many cases, these manifestations are altered, sometimes only cosmetically, to resemble standard male or female anatomy shortly after birth.

Read more at Wikipedia.org


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10 literary getaways: queer literature has exploded in the past 15 years to include a whole modern pack of terrific releases that further expand our gay
From Advocate, The, 8/30/05 by Marissa Pareles

1 Bursa, Turkey Middlesex, Jeffrey Eugenides (Picador, 2003) In this Pulitzer snatcher, XY-chromosomed Calliope seduces a girl she calls the Obscure Object of Desire, then morphs into medical plaything, underage stripper, and handsome bureaucrat. It all begins in 1922 at the western end of Asia's Silk Road in the labyrinthine market city of Bursa, Turkey. Here, sibling silk merchants grow mutually infatuated before escaping war, marrying on a transatlantic voyage, and passing on a recessive gene for hermaphroditism.

2 Santiago, Chile Flesh Wounds and Purple Flowers, Francisco Ibanez-Carrasco (Arsenal Pulp, 2001) Camilo crosses borders, from furtive adolescent encounters with Santiago's 1970s Pinochet soldiers to illegal Canadian immigration. He returns to the increasingly open gay scene in his contemporary hometown: "The patrons, whose silhouettes were shattered by violent strobe rights, looked like ghosts boogying in a fog of smoke and dry ice"--a moment of eerie beauty in this gritty AIDS elegy.

3 Los Angeles Southland, Nina Revoyr (Akashic, 2003) Lesbian law student Jackie Ishida doesn't dig her heritage, but an enigmatic name in her grandfather's will pulls her through Los Angeles's history to the family's old hood of downtrodden Crenshaw, with stops in Little Tokyo, Chinatown, Boyle Heights, and Echo Park. The resulting whodunit, pregnant with the traumas of internment, racism, and riots, inverts our girl's world.

4 Colombo, Sri Lanka Funny Boy, Shyam Selvadurai (Harcourt Brace, 1994) An effeminate child banished from both girls' and boys' games, Arjun conspires with two women navigating the growing rift between the Tamil minority and Sinhalese majority: Radha, whose interethnic tryst sends her into nearby exile and the hands of a mob; and Arjun's mother, whose lover dies investigating police torture. As our Tamil protagonist falls for a Sinhalese schoolmate, this lush ocean-side capital bends under fear's weight during the island's 1980s conflict.

5 New York City Invisible Life, E. Lynn Harris (Anchor, 1991-1994) Raymond Tyler Jr. is a closeted bisexual black lawyer working in a posh Manhattan firm; troubled by bigotry, he shuttles from Harlem's Canaan Baptist Church with his beauty queen girlfriend to an upper west side bed with his married male lover. In between, you glimpse landmarks like the swinging Cotton Club and pickup joints like the (now defunct) Nickel Bar.

6 Tokyo Kitchen, Banana Yoshimoto (Washington Square, 1993) In a neon-flushed Tokyo of drag bars, incense, and stainless steel knives, orphaned amateur chef Mikage is taken in by a friend and his entrancing transsexual mother. In Shinjuku (Tokyo's gay district), Mikage treks through busy Chuo Park past glass-and-granite towers, gazes from a high-rise window at cars "like a phosphorescent river flowing through the darkness," and finds relief from mourning in Asian kitchens from which fresh steam rises like a halo.

7 Xi'an, China When Fox Is a Thousand, Larissa Lai (Arsenal Pulp 1995-2004) A trickster fox spirit haunts the concubines and wives of ninth-century Changan (now Xi'an), Chinas imperial capital for 11 dynasties. Fox celebrates her 1,000th birthday in a dark tryst with Chinese-Canadian woman Artemis Wong, who like the Fox harbors mysterious connections to the Tang Dynasty's poetess, convicted murderer, and Taoist priestess Yu Hsuan-Chi. You'll glimpse her world of mysticism and faith at the lunar-month festivals of the millennium-old Baxian Gong temple and monastery.

8 Idaho The Man Who Fell in Love With the Moon, by Tom Spanbauer (HarperPerennial, 1991) "Excellent, Idaho, is where this all happened," begins half-native hooker and storyteller Duivichi-un-Dua (a.k.a. Shed). It's in the rugged frontier landscape north of Idaho's Sawtooth Mountains that a multiracial town of hookers, miners, and herbalists is brutally remade as a Mormon settlement, and teenage Shed takes up with a bisexual mystic and cowboy who he suspects is his father.

9 San Francisco Valencia, Michelle Tea (Seal, 2000) Poet and former hustler Michelle hooks up with knife-wielding Petra, inaugurating a rollercoaster year of love and promiscuity centered in the Latin-infused Mission District. Our heroine careens down Valencia Street into the city's clubs and also parades down 18th Street on pride weekend in true S.F. style, "with a brand new girl and a 40, while the June sun was high and shining."

10 Berlin I Am My Own Wife, Charlotte von Mahlsdorf (Cleis, 1992-1995) Taking a leaf from her butch aunt's resistance book, teenage Lottchen kills a Nazi: her father. In crumbling East Berlin, she then finds her calling: salvaging turn-of-the-century (Grunderzeit) artifacts and becoming her own woman (an 1880s-style housewife) as well as a transgender hero. In the green easternmost section of Hellersdorf, the birthplace of Germany's postwar gay movement embodies Charlotte's passion for preservation in times of legislated amnesia.

What about the classic queer tomes of time and place? For 29 more great literary destinations, visit OutTraveler.com

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