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Patent ductus arteriosus

Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a congenital heart defect wherein a child's ductus arteriosus fails to close after birth. Symptoms include shortness of breath and cardiac arrhythmia, and may progress to congestive heart failure if left uncorrected. more...

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Overview

Normal ductus arteriosus closure

In the developing fetus, the ductus arteriosus (DA) is a shunt connecting the pulmonary artery to the aortic arch that allows much of the blood from the right ventricle to bypass the fetus' fluid-filled lungs. During fetal development, this shunt protects the lungs from being overworked and allows the right ventricle to strengthen.

When the newborn takes its first breath, the lungs open and pulmonary pressure decreases below that of the left heart. At the same time, the lungs release bradykinin to constrict the smooth muscle wall of the DA and reduce bloodflow. Additionally, because of reduced pulmonary resistance, more blood flows from the pulmonary arteries to the lungs and thus the lungs deliver more oxygenated blood to the left heart. This further increases aortic pressure so that blood no longer flows from the pulmonary artery to the aorta via the DA.

In normal newborns, the DA is closed within 15 hours after birth, and is completely sealed after three weeks. A nonfunctional vestige of the DA, called the ligamentum arteriosum, remains in the adult heart.

Patent ductus arteriosus

In PDA, the newborn's ductus arteriosus does not close, but remains patent. Patent DA is common in infants with persistent respiratory problems such as hypoxia, and has a high occurrence in premature children. In hypoxic newborns, too little oxygen reaches the lungs to produce sufficient levels of bradykinin and subsequent closing of the DA. Premature children are more likely to be hypoxic and thus have PDA because of their underdeveloped heart and lungs.

A patent ductus arteriosus allows oxygenated blood to flow down its pressure gradient from the aorta to the pulmonary arteries. Thus, some of the infant's oxygenated blood does not reach the body, and the infant becomes short of breath and cyanotic. The heart rate hastens, thereby increasing the speed with which blood is oxygenated and delivered to the body. Left untreated, the infant will likely suffer from congestive heart failure, as his heart is unable to meet the metabolic demands of his body.

Signs and symptoms

While some cases of PDA are asymptomatic, common symptoms include:

  • tachycardia or other arrhythmia
  • respiratory problems
  • shortness of breath
  • heart murmur
  • enlarged heart
  • cyanosis

Diagnosis

PDA is usually diagnosed using non-invasive techniques. Electrocardiography (ECG), in which electrodes are used to record the electrical activity of the heart, can be used to detect cardiac arrhythmias associated with PDA.

A chest X-ray may be taken, which reveals the structure of the infant's heart and the size and configuration of its chambers. In some instances, the X-ray itself may reveal a patent ductus arteriosus.

Read more at Wikipedia.org


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Intravenous indomethacin for patent ductus arteriosus
From American Family Physician, 3/1/89

Intravenous Indomethacin for Patent Ductus Arteriosus Intravenous indomethacin has been shown to have a more predictable success rate for closing patent ductus arteriosus in premature infants than does the oral form of the drug. The closure rate is reported to be 79 to 91 percent in infants treated with intravenous indomethacin, compared with an 18 to 85 percent closure rate in infants receiving the drug orally.

Walters studied the adverse effects associated with intravenous indomethacin. In a review of the records of 2,482 infants who received up to three doses of indomethacin intravenously, the author found that 73 infants (2.9 percent) suffered adverse reactions from indomethacin. The most common adverse effects were transient impairment of renal function and gastro-intestinal bleeding, which resolved soon after withdrawal of the drug.

In spite of the difficulty of attributing an adverse effect to a single cause in these very ill infants, this study suggests that the incidence of adverse reactions from intravenous indomethacin is acceptably low. This fact, along with the greater bioavailability and higher rate of closure with intravenous indomethacin, makes this route preferable to oral administration in premature infants with patent ductus arteriosus. (British Medical Journal, September 24, 1988, vol. 297, p. 773.)

COPYRIGHT 1989 American Academy of Family Physicians
COPYRIGHT 2004 Gale Group

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