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Spasmodic torticollis

Torticollis, or wry neck, is a condition in which the head is tilted toward one side, and the chin is elevated and turned toward the opposite side. Torticollis can be congenital or acquired. The etiology of congenital torticollis is unclear, but it is thought that birth trauma causes damage to the sternocleidomastoid muscle in the neck, which heals at a shorter length and causes the characteristic head position. Sometimes a mass in the muscle may be noted, but this mass may disappear within a few weeks of birth. more...

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If the condition is detected early in life (before one year of age) it is treated with physical therapy and stretching to correct the tightness. The use of a TOT Collar can also be very effective. This treatment is usually all that is necessary to fix the problem. Particularly difficult cases may require surgical lengthening of the muscle if stretching fails. Also, if the condition does not respond well to stretching, other causes such as tumors, infections, ophthalmologic problems and other abnormalities should be ruled out with further testing. If torticollis is not corrected before one year of age, facial asymmetry can develop and is impossible to correct.

Acquired torticollis occurs because of another problem and usually presents in previously normal children. Trauma to the neck can cause atlantoaxial rotatory subluxation, in which the two vertebrae closest to the skull slide with respect to each other, tearing stabilizing ligaments; this condition is treated with traction to reduce the subluxation, followed by bracing or casting until the ligamentous injury heals. Tumors of the skull base (posterior fossa tumors) can compress the nerve supply to the neck and cause torticollis, and these problems must be treated surgically. Infections in the posterior pharynx can irritate the nerves supplying the neck muscles and cause torticollis, and these infections may be treated with antibiotics if they are not too severe, but could require surgical debridement in intractable cases. Ear infections and surgical removal of the adenoids can cause an entity known as Grisel's syndrome, in which a bony bridge develops in the neck and causes torticollis. This bridge must either be broken through manipulation of the neck, or surgically resected. There are many other rare causes of torticollis.

Evaluation of a child with torticollis begins with history taking to determine circumstances surrounding birth, and any possibility of trauma or associated symptoms. Physical examination reveals decreased rotation and bending to the side opposite from the affected muscle; 75% of congenital cases involve the right side. Evaluation should include a thorough neurologic examination, and the possibility of associated conditions such as developmental dysplasia of the hip and clubfoot should be examined. Radiographs of the cervical spine should be obtained to rule out obvious bony abnormality, and MRI should be considered if there is concern about structural problems or other conditions. Evaluation by an ophthalmologist should be considered in older children to ensure that the torticollis is not caused by vision problems. Most cases in infants respond well to physical therapy. Other causes should be treated as noted above.

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The power of prayer - A Memorable Patient
From British Medical Journal, 9/2/00 by M D Manikal

Mr N was a humble, lowly paid insurance agent, 45 years of age, who decided to consult me for severe spasmodic torticollis of more than two years' duration. The dystonic twisted posture of his neck had become so bad that he could only "look at the world on his right side." As a result, driving had become impossible. In his struggle to keep his job he had to walk along the streets of Bombay to meet his clients, and the permanently dug up roads made walking more miserable for him. He had seen his family doctor, osteopaths, orthopaedic surgeons, and physiotherapists, had many scans, tried many medications, collars, and even considered suicide. That was the time when someone advised that he needed to see a neurologist.

Now, as any neurologist knows, spasmodic torticollis is the bane of a neurologist, a most unrewarding condition to treat; after a few visits, both neurologist and patient end up equally depressed. I gave him the usual advice, including x rays, muscle relaxants, anxiolytics, more physical therapy, neuroleptics, new medications, dopamine antagonists, more scans, biofeedback techniques, and so on. I dared not refer him to a psychiatrist as he had already cursed another doctor for having suggested it. My attempts at amateur psychotherapy failed, and eventually things went from bad to worse. It was at this point that I mentioned to him botulinum toxin injection therapy--with trepidation--knowing that the astronomical cost and follow up programmes would be unsuitable for him. "A major recent advance in treatment," I told him. After I had set out the lengthy schedules of the programmes he stood up rather worriedly and said that he would think about it.

A few months later Mr N appeared in my office, and I was unable to recognise him at first. He had come to ask if I would like to take out some life insurance. He was smiling, the torticollis had vanished, and he was truly a changed man. I asked him about his reincarnation, and this was his story.

After he left me, he had visited Puttaparthi, a village on the outskirts of Bangalore in Karnatak State. This village was famous for the presence of the ashram of Sathya Sai Baba, a sage who had performed miracles and was known far and wide for his prayer meetings, telepathy, and clairvoyance. It was to one of the prayer meetings that Mr N had gone in utter despair. Sai Baba would usually walk through the large throng of his devotees, touch many of them, and conduct mass prayers with them. He put his hand on Mr N's head saying that with God's blessing his worries would be soon over. After spending a week at Puttaparthi ashram, Mr N rapidly improved and reached home feeling well and normal.

M D Manikal consultant neurologist, Alkhobar, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

We welcome articles of up to 600 words on topics such as A memorable patient, A paper that changed my practice, My most unfortunate mistake, or any other piece conveying instruction, pathos, or humour. If possible the article should be supplied on a disk. Permission is needed from the patient or a relative if an indentifiable patient is referred to.

COPYRIGHT 2000 British Medical Association
COPYRIGHT 2000 Gale Group

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