Chemical structure of Tyrosine
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Tyrosine

Tyrosine (from the Greek tyros, meaning "cheese", as it was first discovered in cheese), 4-hydroxyphenylalanine, or 2-amino-3(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propanoic acid, is one of the 20 amino acids that are used by cells to synthesize proteins. It has a phenol side chain. more...

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Tyrosine
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Tyrosine is converted to DOPA by Tyrosine hydroxylase, an enzyme.

It plays a key role in signal transduction, since it can be tagged (phosphorylated) with a phosphate group by protein kinases to alter the functionality and activity of certain enzymes. (In its phosphorylated state, it is sometimes referred to as phosphotyrosine.) Other important biological functions of tyrosine are as a precursor of the thyroid hormone, thyroxine, the pigment, melanin and of the biologically active catecholamines (e.g., dopamine, noradrenaline and adrenaline).

In Papaver somniferum, the opium poppy, it is used to produce morphine.

Biosynthesis

Tyrosine cannot be completely synthesized by animals, although it can be made by hydroxylation of phenylalanine if the latter is in abundant supply. It is produced by plants and most microorganisms from prephenate, an intermediate on the shikimate pathway.

Prephenate is oxidatively decarboxylated with retention of the hydroxyl group to give p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate. This is transaminated using glutamate as the nitrogen source to give tyrosine and α-ketoglutarate.

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Protein tyrosine kinases; from inhibitors to useful drugs
From SciTech Book News, 12/1/05

158829384X

Protein tyrosine kinases; from inhibitors to useful drugs.

Ed. by Doriano Fabbro and Frank McCormick.

Humana Press Inc.

2006

290 pages

$175.00

Hardcover

Cancer drug discovery and development

RC271

Protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) function as components of signal transduction pathways and play a central role in the control of cell growth, metabolism, differentiation and apoptosis. Currently 20 different PTKs are being considered as potential therapeutic targets in oncology. In this collection of 11 articles, contributors describe their work in PTKs in such areas as using PTKs as targets for cancer and other indications, targeting Src homology 2 domains in drug discovery, using P12-kinase inhibition as a target for therapeutic intervention, using an activated FLT3 receptor tyrosine kinase as a therapeutic target in leukemia and JAK kinases in leukemia, lymphomas and multiple myeloma, applying platelet-derived growth factor, using a targeted therapy for myelogenous leukemia, testing signal transduction inhibitors in animal models of cancer, and using phosphoproteomics in drug discovery and development.

([c] 2005 Book News, Inc., Portland, OR)

COPYRIGHT 2005 Book News, Inc.
COPYRIGHT 2006 Gale Group

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