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Willebrand disease, acquired

Von Willebrand's disease (vWD) is the most common hereditary coagulation abnormality described in humans. It arises from a qualitative or quantitative deficiency of von Willebrand factor (vWF), a multimeric protein that is required for platelet adhesion. It is known to affect humans and, in veterinary medicine, dogs. more...

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Symptoms

The various types of vWD present with varying degrees of bleeding tendency. Severe internal or joint bleeding is rare (only in type 3 vWD); bruising, nosebleeds, heavy menstrual periods (in women) and blood loss during childbirth (rare) may occur.

Diagnosis

When suspected, blood plasma of a patient needs to be investigated for quantitative and qualitative deficiencies of vWF. This is achieved by measuring the amount of vWF in a vWF antigen assay and the functionallity of vWF with a glycoprotein (GP)Ib binding assay, a collagen binding assay or, a ristocetin cofactor (RiCof) activity assay. Factor VIII levels are also performed as factor VIII is bound to vWF which protects the factor VIII from rapid break down within the blood. Deficiency of vWF can therefore lead to a reduction in Factor VIII levels. Normal levels do not exclude all forms of vWD: particularly type 2 which may only be revealed by investigating platelet interaction with subendothelium under flow (PAF), a highly specialistic coagulation study not routinely performed in most medical laboratories. A platelet aggregation assay will show an abnormal response to ristocetin with normal responses to the other agonists used. A platelet function assay (PFA) will give an abnormal collagen/adrenaline closure time but a normal collagen/ADP time. Type 2N can only be diagnosed by performing a "factor VIII binding" assay. Detection of vWD is complicated by vWF being an acute phase reactant with levels rising in infection, pregnancy and stress.

Other tests performed in any patient with bleeding problems are a full blood count (especially platelet counts), APTT (activated partial thromboplastin time), prothrombin time, thrombin time and fibrinogen level. Testing for factor IX may also be performed if hemophilia B is suspected. Other coagulation factor assays may be performed depending on the results of a coagulation screen.

Classification and types

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Prevalence & spectrum of von Willebrand disease from western India
From Indian Journal of Medical Research, 5/1/05 by Trasi, Sucheta

Background & objectives: von Willebrand disease (VWD) is one of the most common inherited bleeding disorders in the west. Limited studies from India showed a prevalence of approximately 10 per cent of VWD among the cases with hereditary bleeding disorders. VWD remains an underdiagnosed entity in India. The prevalence of different subtypes of VWD is also not known which is essential for a proper management of these cases. The present study was thus undertaken to know the prevalence of VWD and its various subtypes in the western part of our country.

Methods: A total of 796 consecutive patients presented with various bleeding manifestations were analysed. The initial screening and confirmation tests for the diagnosis of VWD included bleeding time (BT), screening coagulation tests i.e., prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), thrombin time (TT), factor VIII: C assay, ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation (RIPA) and VWF antigen (VWF:Ag) estimations. VWF multimer analysis, ristocetin cofactor activity (RCOF), VWF collagen binding assay (VWF: CBA), factor VIII : VWF binding assay were also done to classify and subtype these cases.

Results: The patients were subtyped as per the International Society of Thrombosis and Haemostasis (ISTH) criteria. Of the 796 patients screened, 58 were diagnosed as VWD. Of the 15 families with a positive family history of bleeding, 26 additional cases were diagnosed as VWD. Majority of the patients were type 3 (59.5%) with severe clinical manifestations, about 18 per cent of type 1 VWD patients were detected in this group while the prevalence of the qualitative variants of VWD i.e., type 2 VWD was found to be 19 per cent and the prevalence of various subtypes were type 2A (9.52%), type 2B (4.76%), type 2M (1.2%), type 2N (3.6%).

Interpretation & conclusion: The high prevalence of type 3 and a low prevalence of type 1 VWD which is in contrast to the western reports, suggests the low awareness of the disease as also the underdiagnosis of the mild cases in our country.

Key words India - prevalence - subtypes of VWD - von Willebrand disease

von Willebrand disease (VWD) is one of the most common inherited bleeding disorders, caused by a qualitative or quantitative deficiency of the von Willebrand factor (VWF). The various forms of VWD can be differentiated by different patterns of genetic transmission and abnormalities of VWF in plasma and platelets. It has been classified into three different types: type 1 being partial deficiency of VWF, type 2 being a qualitative defect in the VWF, and type 3 being a total loss of the VWF. This bewildering phenotypic heterogeneity of VWD has made it difficult to identify and diagnose the right type of variant or subtype and hence the actual incidence of VWD in the population is difficult to know.

Several groups have reported a frequency of 0.7 to 1.6 per cent of VWD in the population in western countries1-4. Although not many studies are available on the prevalence of VWD in India, some of the tertiary centres or hospitals have reported a prevalence of approximately 10 per cent of VWD among the cases with hereditary bleeding disorder cases5-9. VWD therefore remains an underdiagnosed entity in India. Further, the prevalence of different subtypes of VWD is also not known. The present study was carried out to know the prevalence of VWD and its various subtypes in western India.

Material & Methods

The study was conducted in Institute of Immunohaematology, Mumbai which is a tertiary care centre. Patients from the Haematology Department, King Edward Memorial (KEM) Hospital, Mumbai and referred cases from other hospitals in and around states of Maharashtra, Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh with bleeding manifestations like prolonged bleeding from injuries and following tooth extraction, epistaxis, menorrhaegia, gum bleeding, ecchymoses, haemarthrosis, etc., were investigated for VWD. A total of 796 consecutive patients referred between January 2000 and September 2003 were investigated. The mean age of these patients was 24.2± 11.4 (mean±SD). Of the 796 patients, 594 were males and 202 females. A detailed proforma containing the nature of bleeding, family history and mode of inheritance was filled along with detailed physical findings. The study was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee. The consent from the patients as well as family members for participation in the study obtained prior to collection of blood samples.

Blood (9 ml) was collected in 3.13 per cent trisodium citrate.2H^sub 2^O (9:1 proportion of blood: anticoagulant) and 1 ml in EDTA bulbs. Platelet rich plasma (PRP) was prepared by spinning the citrated blood sample at 150-200g for 10 min and platelet poor plasma (PPP) at 2000g for 10 min. The leucocytes were preserved at -70°C for DNA analysis. The complete blood count (CBC) was performed in the EDTA sample using an automated cell counter (Sysmex K 1000, Japan). Bleeding time (BT) was calculated using modified Ivy10 methods. Screening, coagulation tests i.e prothrombintime (PT), activated partial i.e. thromboplastin time (APTT), thrombin time (TT) and factor VIII : C one stage assays10 were performed in a semiautomated coagulometer (ST Art, Diagnostica Stago, France). Ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation (RIPA) was performed by aggregometry (Chrono-log Corporation, HovertownPA, USA). VWF: antigen levels were estimated by ELISA11 using commercial kits (Diagnostica Stago, France) and VWF: ristocetin cofactor activity (RCOF) by using fixed platelets10. VWF: collagen binding assay (VWF:CBA) was" performed by slight modification of the technique described earlier12. Briefly, 100 µl (10 µg/well) of pepsin digested type III collagen from human placenta (Sigma, USA) was added to 96-well microtitre plates (Maxisorp, NUNC, Denmark) and incubated overnight at 4°C. After blocking with 3 per cent gelatin (Sigma, USA) plasma dilutions (1:80 and 1:160) from patients as well as standards were added and incubated at 37°C for 2 h. After washing with phosphate buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.2), anti-human VWF-horse radish peroxidase (HRP) conjugate (DAKO, Denmark) was added and incubated for l h at 37°C, followed by addition of the substrate i.e., 1,2 -o-phenylenediaminehydrochloride (OPD) and incubated for 30 min at 37°C. Finally, the plates were read at 492 nm in an ELISA reader (Titretek, Germany). The readings were plotted in log linear graph paper and compared with the standard curve. VWF: FVIII binding assay13 and VWF multimer analysis14 were performed as described earlier. The subtyping and the classification of the VWD cases was done according to International Ssociety of Thrombosis and Haemostasis (ISTH) criteria15.

Family studies were carried out in patients with a positive family history of bleeding.

Results

In the study group, there were 38 females and 46 males. The age at which the patients reported varied from 5 days to 77 yr.Of the 796 patients investigated for bleeding disorders, 58 patients (7.29%) were diagnosed with VWD. Seventeen of the 58 patients (29.31%) gave a positive family history of bleeding tendencies. Upon investigating these 15 families, 26 additional cases of VWD could be diagnosed. Type 3 VWD was the predominant subtype (59.5%), followed by type 2 (19%) of which type 2 A was more frequent (9.52%) as compared to other type 2 subtypes (Table I).

A variety of bleeding manifestations were observed in these patients (Table II). Mucocutaneous bleeds were common in these patients. Mild to moderate bleeding was seen in types 1 and 2 VWD patients while severe bleeding and haemarthrosis was more common among type 3 VWD patients. Table III shows the various laboratory parameters studied in the different groups.

Discussion

A wide spectrum of VWD subtypes was obtained in the present study. A maximum of type 3 VWD patients (60%) were detected in this series. This suggests that these patients with severe bleeding tendencies need constant medical attention, which prompted them to seek medical advice. Type 1 VWD was seen in 18 per cent which is patients in contrast to the 60-70 per cent prevalence of type 1 VWD reported in studies from other countries16-22. A large variation was seen in the number of type 1 and type 3 VWD patients. The type 1 VWD have infrequent and mild bleeding episodes and hence consider their bleeding tendency as normal, unless they come across a major haemostatic challenge like tooth extraction or surgery for which they get themselves investigated. These milder forms of VWD are often missed out on diagnosis or may not be detected at all as screening coagulation tests may be in the normal range. A large number of patients could also be asymptomatic or might have not come across a haemostatic challenge; however they could bleed profusely if they face a major haemostatic challenge. Lack of diagnostic facilities may be another factor for a low detection rate of the mild cases.

Two cases with acquired VWD were diagnosed. One of the patients had seborrhic dermatitis and vitilago while the other was a case of hypothyroidism. One patient could not be classified because of the unusual multimer pattern. Hence the type of VWD and the actual defect causing the same may be known by determining the causative mutation. Other rare variants of VWD like platelet type VWD were not detected in this study.

Mucocutaneous bleeding was more predominant with ecchymoses, epistaxis and gum bleeding being common among these patients. Bleeding symptoms were found to be of mild to moderate nature in type 1 and type 2 VWD patients while severe life-threatening bleeding occurred in some patients with type 3 VWD. Since FVIII is usually slightly reduced in type 1 VWD, manifestations of a severe coagulation defect like haemarthrosis and muscle haematomas were rare in type 1 VWD patients, whereas in type 3 VWD patients the severity of bleeding resembled that of patients with haemophilia. It was interesting to note that the symptoms varied among affected members of the same family and also over time in a single individual. Menorrhagia was found in 14/29 (48.28%) of women in the reproductive age group and could be a major pointer for VWD in females. Though post-partum bleeding is rare in patients with VWD because of the normalization of FVIII/VWF levels at the end of pregnancy23, two patients with post-partum bleeding were found in the present study; one with type 1 VWD and other with type 2A VWD, both required replacement therapy for management. Bleeding after dental extraction was the most frequent post-operative bleeding manifestation.

The inheritance pattern of VWD in these 84 patients revealed that there were more patients with recessive inheritance (79%). Another important aspect noted in this study was the presence of consanguinity among the parents (35%). Consanguineous marriages are very common in certain states in India. It was found that 47.7 per cent of patients with recessive inheritance of VWD showed consanguinity. This shows that parents of these VWD patients were heterozygous for the affected VWF gene, which resulted in a homozygous disease condition in the offspring.

Most epidemiological studies conducted in Caucasian population14 have shown VWD as the commonest coagulation disorder accounting for up to 1 per cent of the population. Our data from a tertiary care centre in western India probably has picked up most of the severely affected patients, i.e., with type 3 VWD, leading to substantial underdiagnosis of milder type 1 VWD who never reached the hospitals. An epidemiological study in the general population needs to be done to assess the magnitude of this disease in our country.

References

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2. Meriane F. Sultan Y, Arabi H, Incidence of a low von Willebrand factor activity in a poulation of Algerian students. Blood 1991; 78 (Suppl 1) : 48a.

3. Miller CH, Lenzi R, Breen C. Prevalence of Von Willebrand's disease among US adults. Blood 1987; 70: (Suppl 1): 377a.

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5. Manisha M, Ghosh K, Shetty S, Nair S, Khare A, Kulkarni B, et al. Spectrum of inherited bleeding disorders from western India. Haematologia 2002; 32 : 39-47.

6. Shrivastava A. Delivery of haemophilia care in the developing world. Haemophilia 1998; 4 (Suppl 1) : 33-40.

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11. Dacie JV, Lewis SM, editors. Practical hematology. 8th ed. UK: Churchill Livingstone; 1999.

12. Casonato MG, Pontara E, Bertomoro A, Sartorella F, Cattini MG, Girolami A. von Willebrand factor collagen binding assay in the diagnosis of von Willebrand disease: an alternative to ristocetin cofactor activity. Br J Haematol 2001; 7/2 : 578-83.

13. Casonato A, Pontata E, Zerbinati P, Zucchetto A, Girolami A. The evaluation of factor VIII binding activity of von Willebrand factor by means of an ELISA method: significance and practical implication. Am J CHn Palhol 1998; 109: 347-52.

14.Ruggeri ZM, Zimmerman TS. The complex multimeric composition of factor VIII/von Willebrand factor. Blood 1981; 57: 1140-3.

15. Saddler JE. A revised classification of von Willebrand disease. Thromb Haemost 1994; 71 : 520-5.

16. Saddler JE, Mannucci PM, Berntop E, Bachkov N, Boulyjenkov V, Ginsburg D, et al. Impact, diagnosis and treatment of von Willebrand disease. Thromb Haemost 2000; 84: 160-74.

17. Tuddenham EG. Von Willebrand factor and its disorders: an overview of recent molecular studies. Blood Rev 1989; 3: 251-62.

18. Lenk H. Nillson IM, Holmberg L, Weissbach G. Frequency of different types of von Willebrand's disease in the GDR. Ada Med Scand 1988; 224 : 275-86.

19. Nillson IM. Von Willebrand disease from 1926 to 1983. Scand J Haematol 1984; 33 (Suppl 40) : 21-43.

20. Hoyer LW, Rizza CR, Tuddenham EG. Carta CA. Armitage H, Rotblat F. von WiHebrand factor multimer patterns in von Willebrand's disease. Br J Haematol 1983; 55 : 493-507.

21. Awith AS. A study of von Willebrand's disease in Jordan. Ann Hematol 1992; 64 : 299-302.

22. Berliner SA, Seligsohn U, Zivelin A, Zwang E, Sofferman G. A relatively high frequency of severe (type III) von Willebrand's disease in Israel. Br J Haematol 1986; 62 : 535-43.

23. Kouides PA. Females with von Willebrand disease: 72 years as silent majority. Haemophilia 1998; 4 : 665-76.

Sucheta Trasi, Shrimati Shetty, Kanjaksha Ghosh & Dipika Mohanty

Institute of Immunohaematology (ICMR), Mumbai, India

Received June 15, 2004

Reprint requests: Dr Dipika Mohanty, Emeritus Medical Scientist. Institute of Immunohaematology (ICMR) 13th floor, New MS Building, KEM Hospital Campus, Parel, Mumbai 400012, India e-mail: mohanty@bom5.vsnl.net.in

Copyright Indian Council of Medical Research May 2005
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