Bupivacaine is often administered by spinal injection prior to total hip arthroplasty. It is also commonly injected into surgical wound sites to reduce pain for up to 20 hours after surgery.

In comparison to other local anesthetics it has a long duration of action. It is also the most toxic to the heart when administered in large doses. This problem has led to the use of other long-acting local anaesthetics:ropivacaine and levobupivacaine. Levobupivacaine is a derivative, specifically an enantiomer, of bupivacaine.

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	Bupivacaine usage for post-operative bladder spasm.(clinical update) : An article from: Australian Nursing Journal $5.95	Spinal anaesthesia with bupivacaine and tetracaine with special reference to motor block and bladder function (LinkoÌping University medical dissertations)

	Epidural analgesia: Continuous mini-infusion of bupivacaine into the epidural space during labor (Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica : Supplement)


Continuous thoracic paravertebral infusion of bupivacaine for pain management in patients with multiple fractured ribs - clinical investigations Study objective: To evaluate the efficacy of a continuous thoracic paravertebral infusion of bupivacaine for pain management in patients with unilateral ... From CHEST, 2/1/03 by Manoj K. Karmakar

Use of intercostal bupivacaine with epinephrine after surgery to decrease use of narcotics and duration of intubation BACKGROUND Postoperative pain plays a significant part in the recovery of patients after open heart surgery. * OBJECTIVE To determine if the use ... From American Journal of Critical Care, 9/1/02 by William J. Fox

Hydromorphone Hydrochloride 20-mg/mL and Bupivacaine Hydrochloride 7.5-mg/mL Injection METHOD OF PREPARATION Note: This preparation should be prepared in a laminar airflow \ hood in a cleanroom or via isolation harrier technology by a validated ... From International Journal of Pharmaceutical Compounding, 3/1/04

Should intrathecal narcotics be used as a sole labor analgesic? A prospective comparison of spinal opioids and epidural bupivacaine - Original Research KEY POINTS FOR CLINICIANS * Stand-alone intrathecal morphine and fentanyl (intrathecal narcotics [ITNs]) are associated with significantly higher pain levels than continuous epidural analgesia wi From Journal of Family Practice, 7/1/02 by Patricia Fontaine

The effect of thoracic epidural analgesia on the occurrence of late postoperative hypoxemia in patients undergoing elective coronary bypass surgery : a Study objectives: To evaluate the effect of perioperative thoracic epidural analgesia followed by postoperative epidural analgesia compared with conventional ... From CHEST, 9/1/05 by Lars Hyldborg Lundstrom

Lack of efficacy of intrapleural bupivacaine for postoperative analgesia following thoracotomy Intrapleural bupivacaine has been reported to be effective for analgesia following cholecystectomy and thoracic surgery. Twenty patients who had a posterolateral ... From CHEST, 2/1/93 by Roslyn F. Schneider

Pain control after thoracotomy: an extrapleural tunnel to provide a continuous bupivacaine infusion for intercostal nerve blockade Intercostal nerved blockade by local anesthetic (LA) agents is not associated with drowsiness or respiratory depression and has been shown to give relief ... From CHEST, 4/1/92 by Aljafri A. Majid

Intra-articular morphine and/or bupivacaine after total knee replacement The postoperative analgesic effects of intra-articular injections of bupivacaine and/or morphine were examined prospectively in 437 patients who had total ... From Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 3/1/99 by Ritter, M A

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