Distemper

Thousands of Caspian seals (Phoca caspica) died in the Caspian Sea from April to August 2000. Lesions characteristic of morbillivirus infection were found in tissue specimens from dead seals. Canine distemper virus infection was identified by serologic examination, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, and sequencing of selected P gene fragments. These results implicate canine distemper virus infection as the primary cause of death.

During the spring of 2000, high death rates were reported in Caspian seals (Phoca caspica) (1), which live only in the Caspian Sea and are listed as a vulnerable species by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (2). The die-off was first reported near the mouth of the Ural River, Kazakhstan, in late April; it subsequently spread south to the Mangistau region (Figure 1). More than 10,000 seals are estimated to have died during April and May along the Kazakhstan coast. High death rates were also reported in May and June along the Apsheron peninsula of Azerbaijan and the Turkmenistan coast. We present evidence that canine distemper virus infection was the primary cause of these deaths.

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Clinical signs in infected seals included debilitation, muscle spasms, ocular and nasal exudation, and sneezing. In necropsies performed in June on eight seals from Azerbaijan (Table), no consistent gross lesions were found. However, microscopic lesions, including broncho-interstitial pneumonia, encephalitis, pancreatitis, and lymphocytic depletion in lymphoid tissues, were seen in these and four seals found in Kazakhstan in May. Multiple intracytoplasmic and rare intranuclear acidophilic inclusions, characteristic of morbillivirus infection (3), were observed in many epithelial tissue specimens (Figure 2A). Paraffin-embedded tissue sections were examined for morbillivirus antigen by an immunohistochemical technique (4). A monoclonal antibody against the nucleoprotein of phocine distemper virus, known to cross-react with canine distemper virus and cetacean morbilliviruses, was used as primary antibody. Morbillivirus antigen was detected in multiple tissues, including lung, lymph nodes (Figure 2B), spleen, brain, pancreas, liver, and epithelial tissue of the reproductive, urinary, and gastrointestinal tracts. These multisystemic tissue lesions are characteristic of distemper in terrestrial and aquatic mammals (3).

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Table 1. Caspian seals tested for canine distemper virus infection

RT-PCR, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction; IHC, immunohistochemical labeling; KA, Kazakhstan; AZ, Azerbaijan; TU, Turkmenistan; +, positive; -, negative; ND, not determined because sample lacking.

Tissues from 12 seal carcasses found on the coasts of Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, and Turkmenistan (Table) were examined for morbillivirus nucleic acid by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). One set of universal morbillivirus primers, based on conserved sequences in the phosphoprotein (P) gene, and a second set specific for the canine distemper virus fusion (F) gene, were used in this technique (5). Tissues from nine seals were positive with both P and F primers, yielding the expected products of 429 bp and 372 bp, respectively. Selected P gene fragments were sequenced for phylogenetic comparison (Figure 3). The resulting sequences matched those of canine distemper virus and were clearly distinct from those of other members of the genus Morbillivirus, including phocine distemper virus. Except for one nucleotide change in the P gene fragment from seal 14, the sequences from Kazakhstan and Azerbaijan were identical, indicating that seals from widely separated regions of the Caspian Sea were infected by the same virus. This finding establishes spatial and temporal links between the seal deaths in these regions.

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These sequences were identical to that of canine distemper virus detected in 1997 in brain tissue from a single Caspian seal in which no evidence of morbillivirus lesions was found (6). These results suggest either persistence of canine distemper virus in the Caspian seal population over a period of several years or repeated spillover from the same terrestrial reservoir.

Serum specimens from 13 seals (Table) were tested for canine distemper virus-specific immunoglobulin (Ig)M and IgG antibodies by an antibody-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and an indirect ELISA, respectively (7). Eight of these seals had serum IgM antibodies, and 12 had IgG antibody titers ranging from 40 to 640. These serologic data confirm recent and geographically widespread canine distemper virus infection in the Caspian seal population.

In recent years, several morbillivirus epizootics have occurred in pinniped and cetacean populations in the Northern Hemisphere (3). Canine distemper virus infection, the primary cause of high death rates in Baikal seals (Phoca siberica) in 1987-88 (8), was associated with a die-off in crab-eating seals (Lobodon carcinophagus) in Antarctica in 1955 (9). In both these pinniped populations, viral infection was thought to have been transmitted through contact with domestic dogs. The origin of the canine distemper virus that infected the Caspian seals is unknown, but there are anecdotal reports of contact between seals and terrestrial carnivores in this region (6). Further studies are required to determine if the latter species are infected with a canine distemper virus genetically similar to that found in the seals. The epidemiology of canine distemper virus infection, including its effects on the Caspian seal population, also remains to be investigated.

High levels of chemical contaminants have been recently identified in tissues of Caspian seals (10). As some of these substances have been shown to have immunotoxic effects in seals at the reported concentrations (11), further work is under way to determine whether pollutants contributed to these deaths.

This work was partially funded by the World Bank through a donation by the Japanese Consultant Trust Fund, as well as by the Offshore Kazakhstan International Operating Company.

Dr. Kennedy is head of the Diagnostic Unit of the Veterinary Sciences Division, Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, Belfast, Northern Ireland. His research interests include morbilliviruses of aquatic mammmals and mammalian circoviruses.

References

(1.) International Society for Infectious Disease. Reports of seal deaths. Promed-mail program for monitoring emerging infectious diseases. Available from http:// www.promedmail.org

(2.) 1996 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals. Baillie J, Groombridge B, editors. Gland, Switzerland: International Union for the Conservation of Nature; 1996.

(3.) Kennedy S. Morbillivirus infections in marine mammals. J Comp Pathol 1998;119:201-25.

(4.) Kennedy S, Smyth J, Cush PF, Duignan P, Platten M, McCullough SJ, et al. Histopathologic and immunocytochemical studies of distemper in seals. Vet Pathol 1989;26:97-103.

(5.) Barrett T, Visser IKG, Mamaev L, Goatley L, Van Bressem MF, Osterhaus ADME. Dolphin and porpoise morbilliviruses are genetically distinct from phocine distemper virus. Virology 1993;193:1010-2.

(6.) Forsyth MA, Kennedy S, Wilson S, Eybatov T, Barrett T. Canine distemper virus in a Caspian seal (Phoca caspica). Vet Rec 1998;143:662-4.

(7.) Osterhaus ADME, Rimmelzwaan GF, Martina BEE, Bestebroer TM, Fouchier RAM. Science 2000;288:1051.

(8.) Osterhaus ADME, Groen J, UytdeHaag FGCM, Visser IKG, van de Bildt MGW, Bergman A, et al. Distemper virus in Baikal seals. Nature 1989;338:209-10.

(9.) Bengston JL, Boveng P, Franzen U, Have P, Heide-Jorgensen M-P, Harkonen TL. Antibodies to canine distemper virus in Antarctic seals. Marine Mammal Science 1991;7:85-7.

(10.) Hall AJ, Duck CD, Law RJ, Allchin CR, Wilson S, Eybatov T. Environmental Pollution 1999;106:203-12.

(11.) De Swart RL, Ross PS, Vedder LJ, Timmerman HH,Heisterkamp SH, Van Louveren H, Vos JG, Reijnders PJH, Osterhaus ADME. Impairment of immune function in harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) feeding on fish from polluted waters. Ambio 1994;23:155-9.

Address for correspondence: Seamus Kennedy, Veterinary Sciences Division, Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, Stormont, Belfast BT4 3SD, Northern Ireland; fax: +44 28 90525767; e-mail: seamus.kennedy@dardni.gov.uk.

Seamus Kennedy,(*) Thijs Kuiken,([dagger]) Paul D. Jepson,([double dagger]) Robert Deaville,([double dagger]) Morag Forsyth,([sections]) Tom Barrett,([sections]) Marco W.G. van de Bildt,([dagger]) Albert D.M.E. Osterhaus,([dagger]) Tariel Eybatov,([paragraph]) Callan Duck,(#) Aidyn Kydyrmanov,(**) Igor Mitrofanov,([dagger] [dagger]) Susan Wilson([double dagger] [double dagger])

(*) Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK; ([dagger]) Seal Rehabilitation and Research Center, Pieterburen, The Netherlands; ([double dagger]) Institute of Zoology, Regents Park, London, UK; ([sections]) Institute of Animal Health, Pirbright, Surrey, UK; ([paragraph]) Geological Institute of the Azerbaijan Republic Academy of Sciences, Baku, Azerbaijan; (#) Sea Mammal Research Unit, University of St. Andrews, Fife, UK; (**) Laboratory of Virus Ecology, Institute of Microbiology and Virology, Almaty, Kazakhstan; ([dagger] [dagger])Akademgorodok, Institute of Zoology, Almaty, Kazakhstan; ([double dagger] [double dagger])Caspian Environment Programme Ecotoxicology Project, Tara Seal Project, Portaferry, Northern Ireland, UK

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