Duchenne muscular dystrophy

Respiratory Compensation in Advanced Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

Background: "Row-a-boat" phenomenon (RBP) is a spontaneous upper-body movement in patients with advanced Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), when sitting upright supported by a belt around the body in a wheelchair. However, the role of RBP has not been clarified.

Objectives: To support the hypothesis that RBP is an abnormal pattern of respiration to compensate for the atrophied respiratory muscles in advanced DMD.

Patients and methods: Age, degree of ventilator dependency, and blood gas and spirometry values of 12 patients with spontaneous RBP were compared to those of 8 patients without RBP. All patients were men, and all exhibited a comparable level of motor function (unable to ambulate). Spirometry was undertaken with an ambulatory pneumotachograph in six patients with RBP in two conditions: sitting with RBP and sitting without RBP. In the latter condition, because a patient's shoulders, neck, and head were manually restricted, RBP was prevented.

Results: We found that the patients with RBP were older (mean, 25.98 years vs 19.84 years), more dependent on mechanical ventilation (13.96 h/d vs 4.31 h/d), and had lower FVC and percentage of FVC (511.3 mL vs 762.5 mL and 13.37% vs 20.11%, respectively) than those without RBP. We also found that the frequency of RBP was identical with tidal breathing, and FVC was increased by 50.8% by simply allowing RBP.

Conclusion: We conclude that RBP is a respiratory movement to compensate for the atrophied respiratory muscles in advanced DMD. (CHEST 2001; 119:1836-1839)

Key words: Duchenne muscular dystrophy; mechanical ventilation; respiratory failure; "row-a-boat" phenomenon

Abbreviations: DMD = Duchenne muscular dystrophy; RBP = "row-a-boat" phenomenon; VT = tidal volume

We have often encountered a rhythmic spontaneous upper-body movement in patients with advanced Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), the so-called "row-a-boat" phenomenon (RBP).[1] Right after a patient is transferred from the supine position in bed to an upright position in a wheelchair, with mechanical ventilation temporarily stopped, he starts swinging his torso back and forth in a steady rhythm, synchronized with breathing (Fig 1). In one cycle of RBP, a patient sitting upright in the wheelchair lifts his jaw, thereby stretching his neck and head together upward during inspiration. Then, the patient lowers his jaw close to the sternum so as to bend his neck and head downward during expiration. Despite the lack of arm movement, the motion looks as if the patient is rowing a boat.[1] Regarding the kinematics of rowing a boat in varsity male rowers, ventilation and locomotion coupling (entrainment) has been observed, and the entrained rowers breathe in a pattern by which they avoid initiating breaths that result in reduced tidal volume (VT).[2] Although RBP in patients with DMD was attributed to a voluntary movement to augment tidal breathing, its role has not been clarified. Therefore, we hypothesized that RBP is an abnormal pattern of respiration that compensates for the atrophied respiratory muscles in advanced DMD.

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To prove the hypothesis, age, degree of ventilator dependency, and blood gas and spirometry measurements in patients with spontaneous RBP were compared with those of patients without RBP, all of whom exhibited a comparable level of motor function (unable to ambulate). Moreover, we used spirometry, ECG, and pulse oximetry in the patients with RBP in three different conditions: (1) lying supine without RBP (RBP cannot occur); (2) sitting with RBP; and (3) sitting without RBP, with shoulders, neck, and head manually restricted (RBP is prevented).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Age, degree of ventilator dependency, and blood gas and spirometry values of 12 patients with DMD and spontaneous RBP were compared with values in 8 patients without RBP. All subjects were male, dependent on mechanical ventilation with a mask (1 to 20.5 h/d), and classified into the eighth stage of motor function according to the scale used by the DMD Research Group of the Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare (1 = normal function, 8 = unable to ambulate).[3]

Spirometry with an ambulatory pneumotachograph (Microspiro HI-510; Chest Medical Instruments; Tokyo, Japan) was measured under three different conditions in six patients with RBP who understood and agreed to the study protocol. All of the subjects started RBP immediately after being transferred to a wheelchair. First, the patient breathed spontaneously when lying supine; consequently, RBP could not occur. Second, the patient sat in the wheelchair while the examiners manually restricted any movement of his shoulders, neck, and head. Hence, RBP was prevented. Third, the patient was allowed to breathe spontaneously with RBP.

On a separate day, the examiners calculated the frequency of tidal breathing and that of RBP separately in the six patients for 1 min in each condition. Pulse oximetry (Pulsox 7; Minolta; Osaka, Japan) and ECG were continuously monitored.

Values were expressed as means [+ or -] SE, and a p value [is less than] 0.05 was considered statistically significant. An unpaired t test was used to compare the variables between the patients with and without RBP, and repeated-measures analysis of variance was used in the multiple comparisons for the six subjects.

RESULTS

Age, duration of daily mechanical ventilation, Pa[O.sub.2] and Pa[CO.sub.2] of blood gases during spontaneous room-air breathing in the supine position, FVC, percentage of FVC, [FEV.sub.1], and percentage of [FEV.sub.1] ([FEV.sub.1]/ FVC) in 12 patients with RBP and 8 patients without RBP are summarized in Table 1.

The patients with RBP were 6.14 years older (p [is less than] 0.01) and dependent on mechanical ventilation for 9.65 more hours per day (p [is less than] 0.01) than those without RBP. FVC and percentage of FVC were less by 251 mL and 6.74% (p [is less than] 0.05), respectively, than those in patients without RBP. However, blood gas measures, [FEV.sub.1], and percentage of [FEV.sub.1] were not different.

FVC and heart rate in six of the patients with RBP in three different conditions are demonstrated in Figure 2. FVC in the patients sitting with spontaneous RBP was increased by 50.8% compared to sitting without RBP (restricted; p [is less than] 0.05). FVC was also increased by 87.1% compared with that while lying supine (p [is less than] 0.05). Heart rate while sitting without RBP (restricted) tended to increase by 15.3 beats/ min compared with that while sitting with RBP (p [is less than] 0.10). It also showed a significant increase by 19.8 beats/min compared with that while lying supine (p [is less than] 0.01). Oxygen saturation was maintained [is greater than] 94% throughout these measurements; however, the patients sitting without RBP (restricted) soon expressed feelings of discomfort/dyspnea.

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We found that the frequency of RBP was identical with tidal breathing of 30.7 [+ or -] 3.1 breaths/min. During inspiration, the patients lifted the jaw, and stretched the neck and head backward. During expiration, they lowered the jaw close to the sternum, bending the neck and head downward. We recognized an intersubject difference in the pattern of RBP. For example, one patient obviously utilized the muscles of the cheek and tongue during inspiration. The other subjects compressed the thorax and abdomen using a tightly woven cotton belt that was tied around the patient in the wheelchair to maintain the upright position.

DISCUSSION

In the present study, we found that the patients with spontaneous RBP were older, more dependent on mechanical ventilation, and had lower FVC and percentage of FVC than those without RBP. We also found the frequency of RBP was identical with tidal breathing, which was augmented by simply allowing RBP. Hence, our findings support the hypothesis that RBP is a respiratory movement to compensate the atrophied respiratory muscles in advanced DMD.

Since the use of intermittent positive-pressure ventilation for DMD was established, life expectancy has been prolonged by at least several years according to our previous report.[4] As a result, most DMD patients can survive until the latter half of the third or fourth decade of life. Hence, we have more opportunities to observe unusual methods of compensation for the atrophied respiratory muscles in advanced DMD.

Kawamura et al[1] first recognized RBP in a 25-year-old man with DMD. They pointed out that RBP occurred when the Pa[CO.sub.2] under spontaneous room-air breathing was increased to 59.2 [+ or -] 3.1 mm Hg in five patients with RBP, suggesting that RBP could be a sign of respiratory failure in advanced DMD. In our study, Pa[CO.sub.2] in 12 subjects with RBP was 55.37 [+ or -] 3.00 mm Hg, which was 3.8 mm Hg lower than that from the above report. This discrepancy could be partly explained by the fact that RBP is not only a spontaneous but also a volitional movement. RBP mostly occurred spontaneously in a patient sitting in a wheelchair, although the patient did not himself notice the occurrence of RBP. Therefore, the patient possibly utilizes RBP to relieve discomfort, presumably secondary to hypoventilation.

The supplemental FVC with RBP in six patients with RBP was 50.8%; in other words, the respiratory contribution of RBP to FVC was 33.7%. When RBP was manually prevented, the patients expressed discomfort/dyspnea, and heart rate was elevated most among the three different conditions. These findings might imply the substantial contribution of RBP to respiration in advanced DMD.

The intersubject difference in the pattern of RBP might be attributed to the differential mechanisms generating the supplemental VT with RBP. Four possible mechanisms might exist.

The first is the gravitational effects of the abdominal viscera on the diaphragm, the mechanism that was utilized initially with a rocking bed by Eve[5] in 1932. Eve[5] reported rocking a patient with respiratory paralysis due to poliomyelitis up and down rhythmically on a stretcher that was pivoted about the middle on a trestle so that the weight of the viscera pushed the flaccid diaphragm alternately up and down.

The second is an activation of the accessory muscles of the neck and superior trunk, which serves to lift the ribs, sternum, clavicles, and scapulae. A similar rostral elevation of the thoracic cage was reported[6] in a patient with a transected cervical cord. A tetraplegic patient has complete paralysis of the diaphragm and the respiratory muscles of the rib cage, and, yet, the functions in the sternocleidomastoid and trapezia are well preserved. Therefore, the patient volitionally contracts these muscles to lift the sternum and clavicles, which increases the volume of the rib cage and encourages inspiration.

The third is glossopharyngeal breathing, known as frog breathing.[7] This abnormal pattern of breathing is found in a patient with severely atrophied respiratory muscles or cervical transection, whose facial and upper-airway muscle functions are preserved. Using the muscles of the tongue, cheek, pharynx, and larynx, the patient can swallow air down to the airway but not into the esophagus. In this study, glossopharyngeal breathing was found in only one of the six subjects sitting in a wheelchair in association with RBP. However, it is occasionally noted in patients with D MD when lying supine.

The fourth is an active compression of the thorax and abdomen during expiration with a wide and tightly woven cotton belt that is tied around a patient in a wheelchair to help maintain him in the upright position (Fig 1). The preferable belt position around the trunk in the upright patients differed among the subjects, which explains the specific mechanism(s) to augment VT. When the belt was tied at the level of the lower rib cage and abdomen, the gravitational effects of the viscera or the compression of the lower thorax and abdomen could be more efficiently utilized. When the belt was tied at the upper rib cage level, the muscles of the face, head, neck, and shoulders were activated to achieve the rostral elevation of the rib cage or to generate the glossopharyngeal breathing. Therefore, the material, width, and position of the belt should be considered, not only to secure the patient to the wheelchair but also to allow a comfortable body movement for respiratory compensation for each patient.

These mechanisms to generate supplemental VT with RBP in the patients with DMD indicate that the various skeletal muscles can compensate for the atrophied respiratory muscles. Hence, medical staff can instruct patients with advanced DMD to utilize RBP for a temporary backup of tidal breathing. Nevertheless, we

should note that the muscles used in RBP are more susceptible to muscle fatigue than the diaphragm, and volitional RBP can occur only in the sitting position during wakefulness.

CONCLUSION

We conclude that RBP is a respiratory movement to compensate for the atrophied respiratory muscles in advanced DMD.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT: We thank Mr. Masahiro Naya, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Suzuka National Hospital, for technical assistance and illustration; Dr. Jun-ichiro Hayano, Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nagoya City University School of Medicine, for statistical analysis; and Dr. R. John Kimoff, Respiratory Division, McGill University-Royal Victoria Hospital, for his invaluable advice.

REFERENCES

[1] Kawamura J, Ishihara D, Gomi S, et al. Respiratory movement in patients with late-stage DMD [abstract]. Clin Neurol 1989; 29:797-798

[2] Siegmund GP, Edwards MR, Moore KS, et al. Ventilation and locomotion coupling in varsity male rowers. J Appl Physiol 1999; 87:233-242

[3] Ueda S. Rehabilitation in progressive muscular dystrophy. Rehabil Med 1972; 9:286-291

[4] Yasuma F, Sakai M, Matsuoka Y. Effects of non-invasive ventilation on survival in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy [letter]. Chest 1996; 109:590

[5] Eve FC. Actuation of the inert diaphragm by a gravity method. Lancet 1932; 2:995-997

[6] De Troyer A, Estenne M, Vincken W. Rib cage motion and muscle use in high tetraplegics. Am Rev Respir Dis 1986; 133:1115-1119

[7] Montero JC, Feldman DJ, Montero D. Effects of glossopharyngeal breathing on respiratory function after cervical cord transection. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1967; 48:650-653

(*) From the Departments of Internal Medicine (Dr. Yasuma) and Neurology (Drs. Kato, Matsuoka, and Konagaya), Suzuka National Hospital, Suzuka, Japan.

Manuscript received August 5, 1999; revision accepted November 28, 2000.

Correspondence to: Fumihiko Yasuma, MD, FCCP, Physician-in-Chief, Department of Internal Medicine, Suzuka National Hospital, 3-2-1 Kasado, Suzuka, 513-8501 Japan; e-mail: f-yasuma@mtb.biglobe.ne.jp

COPYRIGHT 2001 American College of Chest Physicians
COPYRIGHT 2001 Gale Group