Vitamin B12 Deficiency

The term vitamin B₁₂ (or B₁₂ for short) is used in two different ways. In a broader sense it refers to a group of Co-containing compounds known as cobalamins - cyanocobalamin (an artefact formed as a result of the use of cyanide in the purification procedures), hydroxocobalamin and the two coenzyme forms of B₁₂, methylcobalamin (MeB₁₂) and 5-deoxyadenosylcobalamin (adenosylcobalamin - AdoB₁₂). more...

In a more specific way, the term B₁₂ is used to refer to only one of these forms, cyanocobalamin, which is the principal B₁₂ form used for foods and in nutritional supplements.

Pseudo-B₁₂ refers to B₁₂-like substances which are found in certain organisms, such as Spirulina spp. (blue-green algae, cyanobacteria). However, these substances do not have B₁₂ biological activity for humans.

Structure

B₁₂ is the most chemically complex of all the vitamins. B₁₂'s structure is based on a corrin ring, which, although similar to the porphyrin ring found in haem, chlorophyll, and cytochrome, has two of the pyrrole rings directly bonded. The central metal ion is Co (cobalt). Four of the six coordinations are provided by the corrin ring nitrogens, and a fifth by a dimethylbenzimidazole group. The sixth coordination partner varies, being a cyano group (-CN), a hydroxyl group (-OH), a methyl group (-CH₃) or a 5'-deoxyadenosyl group (here the C5' atom of the deoxyribose forms the covalent bond with Co), respectively, to yield the four B₁₂ forms mentioned above. The covalent C-Co bond is the only carbon-metal bond known in biology. (p.32)

Synthesis

B₁₂ cannot be made by plants or by animals, as the only type of organism that have the enzymes required for the synthesis of B₁₂ are bacteria (eubacteria, archaebacteria).

Functions

Coenzyme B₁₂'s reactive C-Co bond participates in two types of enzyme-catalyzed reactions: (p.675)

1. Rearrangements in which a hydrogen atom is directly transferred between two adjacent atoms with concomitant exchange of the second substituent, X, which may be a carbon atom with substituents, an oxygen atom of an alcochol, or an amine.
2. Methyl (-CH₃) group transfers between two molecules.

In humans there are only two coenzyme B₁₂-dependent enzymes:

1. MUT which uses the AdoB₁₂ form and reaction type 1 to catalyze a carbon skeleton rearrangement (the X group is -COSCoA). MUT's reaction converts MMl-CoA to Su-CoA, an important step in the extraction of energy from proteins and fats (for more see MUT's reaction mechanism)
2. MTR, a methyl transfer enzyme, which uses the MeB₁₂ and reaction type 2 to catalyzes the conversion of the amino acid Hcy into Met (for more see MTR's reaction mechanism).

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