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Ectrodactyly

In biology, dactyly is the arrangement of digits (fingers and toes) on the hands, feet, or sometimes wings of an animal. It comes from the Greek word δακτυλος, meaning "finger". more...

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Sometimes the ending "-dactylia" is used. The adjectival forms end with "-dactyl" or "-dactylous".

By number

Pentadactyly is the condition of having five digits on each limb. All land vertebrates are descended from an ancestor with a pentadactyl limb, although many groups of species have lost or transformed some or all of their digits.

Tetradactyly is the condition of having four digits on a limb, as in amphibians and many birds

Tridactyly is the condition of having three digits on a limb, as in some birds and ancestors of the horse such as Protohippus and Hipparion.

Bidactyly or didactyly is the condition of having two digits on each limb, as in the Two-toed Sloth, Choloepus didactylus. In humans this name is used for an abnormality in which the middle digits are missing, leaving only the thumb and fifth finger.

Monodactyly is the condition of having a single digit on a limb, as in modern horses.

Syndactyly is a condition where two or more digits are fused together. It occurs normally in some mammals, such as the siamang. It occurs as a rare abnormality in humans.

In birds

Anisodactyly is the most common arrangement of digits in birds, with three toes forward and one back. This is common in songbirds and other perching birds, as well as hunting birds like eagles, hawks, and falcons.

Syndactyly in birds is like anisodactyly, except that the third and fourth toes (the outer and middle forward-pointing toes) are fused together, as in the Belted Kingfisher, Ceryle alcyon.

Zygodactyly (from Greek ζυγον, a yoke) is an arrangement of digits in birds, with two toes facing forward (digits 2 and 3) and two back (digits 1 and 4). This arrangement is most common in arboreal species, particularly those that climb tree trunks or clamber through foliage. Zygodactyly occurs in the woodpeckers and flickers, nuthatches, and parrots.

Heterodactyly is like zygodactyly, except that it is digits 3 and 4 that point forward and digits 1 and 2 that point back. This is only found in trogons.

Other terms

An excess of digits is called hyperdactyly or polydactyly, such as in the extremely rare case that a person has six fingers or toes on a single hand or foot.

A lack of digits not caused by an amputation is called hypodactyly.

Ectrodactyly is the congenital absence of all or part of one or more fingers or toes. This term is used for a range of conditions from aphalangia (in which the some of the phalanges or finger bones are missing), to adactyly (the absence of a digit).

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Tibial hemimelia in monozogotic twins
From Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 1/1/03 by R, Dayer

POSTER PRESENTATIONS

SUBJECT: CONGENITAL LIMB DEFORMITY

Tibal hemimlia is a rare congenital anomaly, occurring approximately in 1 per 1million live birth and consisting of aplastic/hypoplastic tibia with relatively intact fibula. The widely used classification was proposed by Jones and based on radiological description: type I: tibia absent, type II distal tibia not seen, type III proximal tibia not seen, type IV tibio-fibular diastases. This congenital deformity can be unilateral or bilateral and isolated, or unilateral or bilateral and associated with other malformation witch raise its genetic cause.

We are reporting the cases of two monozigotic twins reflecting the "intragenotic" expression variability of the syndrome of tibial aplasia and ectrodactyly. The two monozigotic female twins are bom after an unremarkable rirst pregnancy and delivery. Family history was positive for malformations.(syndactily, split hand, phocomelia(elbow) and hip dyspasia)

Twin 1: Left leg: tibial aplasia type Ia, short femur, absent patella. Right leg: tibial aplasia type IV, clubfoot, hypoplasia of the internal ray. Left hand: split hand.

Twin 2: Left leg: nornal. Right leg: tibial aplasia type II, clubfoot. Left hand: split hand.

Most of the cases are unilateral and sporadic. 4 autosomal dominant tibial hemimelia syndromes are described

1) tibial hemimelia-foot polydactyly-triphangeal thumbs syndrome,

2) tibial hemimelia diplopodia syndrome,

3) tibial hemimelia-split-hand foot syndrome,

4) tibial hemimelia micromelia-oigonobrachycephaly syndrome.

This is the first documennted case of monoxigotic twins affected by the Tibial hemimelia-split-hand foot syndrome. Their clinical presentation demonstrates that the phenotypic manifestations are highly variable.

Dayer, R., Kaelin A J

Division of Pediatric Orthopedics, Hospital Cantonal Universitaire, Geneva 14, SWITZERLAND

Copyright British Editorial Society of Bone & Joint Surgery 2003
Provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights Reserved

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