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Geographic tongue

Geographic tongue (Migratory glossitis) is a medical condition that affects the tongue. more...

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Symptoms

The top side of the tongue is covered in small protrusions called papillae. In a tongue affected by geographic tongue, there are red patches on the surface of the tongue bordered by grayish white. The papillae are missing from the reddish areas and overcrowded in the grayish white borders. The small patches may disappear and reappear in a short period of time (hours or days), and change in shape or size. While it is not common for the condition to cause pain, it may cause a burning sensation, especially after contact with certain foods, such as spicy or citrus foods. It may also cause numbness.

Cause

Its cause is uncertain, though tends to run in families and is associated with several different genes. Geographic tongue is more commonly found in people who are affected by environmental sensitivity, such as allergies, eczema, and asthma. Some think that it may be linked to stress. Its prevalence also varies by ethnicity (.6% of Americans, 4% young Iraqis, 2% young Finns).

Treatment

While there is no known cure or commonly prescribed treatment for geographic tongue, there are several ways to suppress the condition, including avoiding foods that exacerbate the problem. Some people affected by geographic tongue also report that taking Vitamin B supplements causes the condition to go away temporarily. Burning may also be reduced by taking antihistamines.

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Salamander tracks (ambystomichnus?) from the cathedral bluffs tongue of the Wasatch formation (Eocene), Northeastern Green River basin, Wyoming
From Journal of Paleontology, 7/1/01 by Foster, John R

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Thanks to P Bucknam for assistance in the field relocating the Bird Quarry and to J. Lillegraven for discussions about the site. Thanks also to J. Farlow, M. Lockley, and M. Miller for their reviews of the manuscript. The Bird Quarry is on land administered by the Bureau of Land Management.

REFERENCES

BRADLEY, W. H. 1964. Geology of the Green River Formation and associated Eocene rocks in south-western Wyoming and adjacent parts of Colorado and Utah. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 496-A, 86 p.

CONANT, R., AND J. T. COLLINS. 1991. A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians, Eastern and Central North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, 450 p.

ESTES, R. 1981. Gymnophiona, Caudata. Encyclopedia of Paleoherpetology, Pt. 2. Gustav Fischer Verlag, New York, 115 p.

EVANS, F G. 1946. The anatomy and function of the foreleg in salamander locomotion. Anatomical Record, 95:257-281.

FEDUCCIA, A. 1978. Presbyornis and the evolution of ducks and flamingos. American Scientist, 66:298-304.

GILMORE, C. W. 1928. Fossil footprints from the Fort Union (Paleocene) of Montana. United States National Museum Proceedings, 74(5):1-4. HOLROYD, P. A., D. M. ERWIN, AND J. H. HUTCHISON. 1997. Non-mam

malian paleontology of the Wasatch Formation in the northern Green River Basin, Wyoming. Geological Sociey of America Annual Meeting, Abstracts with Programs, p. A104-A105.

JOHNSON, K. R. 1986. Paleocene bird and amphibian tracks from the Fort Union Formation, Bighorn Basin, Wyoming. Contributions to Geology, University of Wyoming, 24:1-10.

LINNAEUS, C. 1758. Systema Naturae (tenth edition). Stockholm, Volume 1, 824 p.

LocKLEY, M. G., AND A. P. HuNT. 1995. Dinosaur Tracks and Other Fossil Footprints of the Western United States. Columbia University Press, New York, 338 p.

McGRaw, P 0. 1980. An Eocene flamingo nesting area, Sweetwater County, Wyoming. National Geographic Society Research Reports, 12: 473-478.

McGREW, P O., AND A. FEDUCCIA. 1973. A preliminary report on a nesting colony of Eocene birds. Wyoming Geological Association Guidebook, Twenty-fifth Field Conference, p. 163-164.

NAYLOR, B. G., AND D. W. KRAUSE. 1981. Piceoerpeton, a giant early Tertiary salamander from western North America. Journal of Paleontology, 55:507-523.

OLSON, S. L., AND A. FEDUCCIA. 1980. Presbyornis and the origin of the Anseriformes (Aves: Charadriomorphae). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, n. 323, 24 p,

OPPEL, M. 1811. Die Ordnung, Familien and Gattungen der Reptilien als Prodrom einer Naturgeschichte derselben. Munchen, Lindar, 12:1-87. PEABODY, E E. 1954. Trackways of an ambystomid salamander from the Paleocene of Montana. Journal of Paleontology, 28:79-83.

PEABODY, F E. 1959. Trackways of living and fossil salamanders. University of California Publications in Zoology, 63:1-72.

ROEHLER, H. W. 1991. Revised stratigraphic nomenclature for the Wasatch and Green River Formations of Eocene age, Wyoming, Utah, and Colorado. United State Geological Survey Professional Paper 1506-13, 38 p.

SIMNACHER, F 1970. Stratigraphy, depositional environments, and paleontology of the Cathedral Bluffs Tongue of the Wasatch Formation, Parnell Creek area, Sweetwater County, Wyoming. Unpublished master's thesis, University of Wyoming, 101 p.

TIHEN, J. A. 1958. Comments on the osteology and phylogeny of ambystomatid salamanders. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum, Biological Sciences, 3:1-50.

WEST, R. M., L. KRISHTALKA, C. C. BLACK, M. R. DAWSON, J. J. FLYNN, W. D. TURNBULL, R. K. STUCKY, M. C. McKENNA, T. M. BowN, D. J. GoLz, AND J. A. LILLEGRAVEN. 1987. Eocene (Wasatchian through Duchesnean) biochronology of North America, p. 77-117. In M. 0. Woodburne, (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkeley.

YANG, S. Y., M. G. LOCKLEY, R. GREBEN, B. R. ERICKSON, AND S. K. LIM. 1995. Flamingo and duck-like bird tracks from the Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary; evidence and implications. Ichnos, 4:21-34. ACCEPTED 15 DECEMBER 2000

JOHN R. FOSTER

Department of Geology & Geophysics, University of Wyoming, Laramie 82071-3006 (current address: Museum of Western Colorado, PO. Box 20000, Grand Junction 81502)

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