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St. Anthony's fire

Ergotism is the effect of long-term ergot poisoning, classically due to the ingestion of the alkaloids produced by the Claviceps purpurea fungus which infects rye and other cereals, and more recently by the action of a number of ergoline-based drugs. It is also known as ergotoxicosis or ergot poisoning. more...

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Causes

The toxic ergoline derivatives are found in ergot-based drugs (such as methylergometrine, ergotamine or, previously, ergotoxine). The deleterious side-effects occur either under high dose or when moderate doses interact with potentiators such as azithromycin.

Classically, eating cereals or cereal-based products contaminated with the fungus Claviceps purpurea also caused ergotism.

Finally, the alkaloids can also pass through lactation from mother to child, causing ergotism in infants.

Symptoms

The symptoms can be roughly divided into convulsive symptoms and gangreneous symptoms.

Convulsive symptoms

Convulsive symptoms include diarrhea, paresthesias, itching, seizures, headaches, nausea and vomiting. Usually the gastrointestinal effects precede CNS effects. As well as seizures there can be hallucinations and mental effects including mania or psychosis. The convulsive symptoms are caused by clavine alkaloids.

Gangrenous symptoms

The dry gangrene is a result of vasoconstriction induced by the ergotamine-ergocristine alkaloids of the fungus. It affects the more poorly vascularized distal structures, such as the fingers and toes. Symptoms include desquamation, weak peripheral pulse, loss of peripheral sensation, edema and ultimately the death and loss of affected tissues.

History

Epidemics of the disease were identified throughout history, though the references in classical writers are inconclusive. Rye, the main vector for transmitting ergotism, was not grown much around the Mediterranean. When Fuchs separated references to ergotism from erysipelas and other afflictions he found the earliest reference to ergotism in the Annales Xantenses for the year 857: "a Great plague of swollen blisters consumed the people by a loathsome rot, so that their limbs were loosened and fell off before death." In the Middle Ages the gangrenous poisoning was known as ignis sacer ("holy fire") or "Saint Anthony's fire", named for the 4th century hermit of Egypt. The 12th century chronicler Geoffroy du Breuil of Vigeois recorded the mysterious outbreaks in the Limousin region of France, where the gangrenous form of ergotism was associated with the local Saint Martial as much as Saint Anthony. The blight, named from the cock's spur it forms on grasses, was identified and named by Denis Dodart who reported the relation between ergotized rye and bread poisoning in a letter to the French Royal Academy of Sciences in 1676 (John Ray mentioning ergot for the first time in English the next year), but "ergotism" in this modern sense was first recorded in 1853. Research by Linnda Caporael (1976) suggests that many of the people whose accusations resulted in the 1692 Salem witch trials in Massachusetts were genuinely suffering hallucinations and other symptoms of convulsive ergotism. Similar eruptions of ergotism also occurred in Essex and Fairfield counties in Connecticut that damp and cool season, though in Connecticut no one went to the stake. Notable epidemics of ergotism, at first seen as a punishment from God, occurred up into the 19th century. Fewer outbreaks have occurred since then, because in developed countries rye is carefully monitored. When milled the ergot is reduced to a red powder, obvious in lighter grasses but easy to miss in dark rye flour. The last reported outbreak in an industrialized country, which caused more than 200 cases and 4 deaths, occurred in 1951 in Pont St. Esprit, France. In less wealthy countries ergotism still occurs: there was an outbreak in Ethiopia in mid-2001 from contaminated barley. Whenever there is a combination of moist weather, cool temperatures, delayed harvest in lowland crops and rye consumption an outbreak is possible. Russia has been particularly afflicted.

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St. Anthony's dishes out aid for the needy
From Oakland Tribune, 12/1/05 by Nicole Neroulias, STAFF WRITER

MENLO PARK -- The largest soup kitchen in the county won't open for another half hour, but at 10:30 a.m., dozens of hungry people have patiently wrapped around St. Anthony's Padua Dining Room.

Many are Mexican day laborers and their families, who walked or cycled over from North Fair Oaks. After polishing off a plate of "hot dog stew," buttered bread and slice of cake, Dolores Barragn and her 2-year-old nephew, Adrian, left with a bag of groceries to help stretch her husband's gardening wages.

"The food is good and the rent is too high, so we come and eat here, and it helps a little bit," she said, through a translator. "They give us bread and vegetables, and we get clothes once a month."

Those behind her included elderly shut-ins transported by the dining room mini-bus, and homeless people from the Maple Street Shelter in Redwood City.

"We don't refuse anybody," said Milka Holloway, a 25-year volunteer who deftly used her silver-topped cane to hop aside when head chef Juventino "Juve" Vargas rolled out steaming pans of carrots.

Lately, St. Anthony's has turned away volunteers instead, said Max Torres, operations manager. While the dining room desperately needs donations of food and money to put together 600 meals a day, six days a week, they already have more than 160 homemakers, retirees and students signed up to slice and serve.

Rejected Thanksgiving Day volunteers and others can start calling today for a shot at serving the 1,000 guests expected on Christmas Eve, he said.

History

Founded in 1974 by Brother Dominic Pareira, the dining room originally served free Sunday lunches to a few hundred elderly people and St. Anthony of Padua Catholic Church parishioners. Within a few years, the schedule changed to accommodate people who needed food all week long, Torres said. After Pereira died in 1992, the nonprofit organization also added weekly visits from a nurse and a clothing distribution center.

In 2002, the dining room served about 120,000 meals. This year, including hundreds of extra meals sent each week to shelters and child-care centers, dining room treasurer Dick Cortopassi estimated the number will be close to 180,000.

But while the need has escalated, the funds have not. St. Anthony's cut back to nine paid employees from a high of 12, but has continued to feel the pinch of a sluggish economy and this year's disaster-related donor fatigue, Cortopassi said.

Last year's anticipated budget was $917,000, but the organization raised only $522,000, mainly due to a decline in estate bequests. This year's estimated budget is $764,000, with most expected to roll in during the holiday season.

The financial struggles have not gone unnoticed among the dining room's regular clients, though they are grateful the kitchen has remained open six days a week.

"This year, they've served hot dogs a lot because the budget fell," observed Jim Orenstein, an unemployed Redwood City pianist who has eaten at the dining room for three years. "They chop them up in different ways."

While Vargas finds creative ways to stew huge quantities of meat and vegetables every day, Torres and other volunteers drive the St. Anthony's truck to Peninsula supermarkets and bakeries in search of donated or discounted ingredients. Leftovers from bakeries, fishermen's catches and farmers' markets also punch up the menu, Torres added.

On Thanksgiving, Vargas and volunteers prepared 85 turkeys, 300 pounds of cranberry sauce, 500 pounds of mashed potatoes and stuffing, and 50 gallons of gravy -- enough to feed all

1,000 guests. They expect more for Christmas Eve lunch, which coincides this year with the Menlo Park Fire Protection District's annual toy giveaway in the dining room's parking lot.

Holiday helpings

Although the giveaway isn't supposed to begin until 8 a.m., hundreds of low-income children try to camp out on the cold pavement all night long. Volunteer Betty Steidel said she ends up giving some toys out at 4 a.m., in hopes the children will head somewhere warm to enjoy them.

"I hope we can get the kids over to eat afterwards. They just get so excited," she said, swinging her 1-year-old grandson Jacob on her hip through the dining room.

More information

St. Anthony's Padua Dining Room is at 3500 Middlefield Road, Menlo Park. Lunch is served 11 a.m. to 1 p.m. Monday through Saturday. For more information, call (650) 365-9664.

Staff writer Nicole Neroulias covers the South County and religion. She can be reached at (650) 306-2427 or nneroulias@sanmateocountytimes.com.

c2005 ANG Newspapers. Cannot be used or repurposed without prior written permission.
Provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights Reserved.

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