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Strep throat

Strep throat (or "Streptococcal pharyngitis", or "Streptococcal sore throat") is a form of Group A streptococcal infection that affects the pharynx. more...

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Medicines

Symptoms

The signs and symptoms of strep throat are red, sore throat with white patches on tonsils, swollen lymph nodes in neck, fever, and headache. Nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain are more common in children. The patient will usually not have a cough, unlike in a viral infection or coldlike symptoms including stuffy noses and sneezing.

Transmission

The illness is caused by the bacterium Streptococcus pyogenes and is spread by direct, close contact with patients via respiratory droplets (coughing or sneezing). Casual contact rarely results in transmission. Rarely, contaminated food, especially milk and milk products, can result in outbreaks. Untreated patients are most infectious for 2-3 weeks after onset of infection. Incubation period, the period after exposure and before symptoms show up, is 2-4 days. Patient is no longer infectious within 24 hours of commencing treatment.

Diagnosis

The throat of the patient is swabbed for culture or for a rapid strep test (5 to 10 min) which can be done in the doctor's office. A rapid test tests for the presence of typical bacterial antigens in the swab, which are detected by specific antibodies provided in the kit. If the rapid test is negative (=normal), a follow-up culture (which takes 24 to 48 h) may be performed. A negative culture suggests a viral infection, in which case antibiotic treatment should be withheld or discontinued.

In the UK, rapid strep testing is not available to general practitioners and a clinical decision must be made whether to treat, whilst awaiting upto 7 days for a swab result to be reported. This is criticized for encouraging overuse of antibiotics (see antibiotic resistance).

Treatment

Antibiotic treatment will reduce symptoms slightly, minimize transmission, and reduce the likelihood of complications. Treatment consists of penicillin (orally for 10 days; or a single intramuscular injection of penicillin G). Erythromycin is recommended for penicillin-allergic patients. Second-line antibiotics include amoxicillin, clindamycin, and oral cephalosporins. Although symptoms subside within 4 days even without treatment, it is very important to start treatment within 10 days of onset of symptoms, and to complete the full course of antibiotics to prevent rheumatic fever, a rare but serious complication.

Amoxicillin should be avoided for treatment of a sore throat if bacterial (swab) confirmation has not been obtained since it causes a distinctive rash if the true illness proves to be glandular fever, better known as mononucleosis. This rash is harmless but alarming.

Read more at Wikipedia.org


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Strep vaccine stirs antibody production
From Science News, 10/22/05

An experimental vaccine against the microbe that causes strep throat can induce a potent immune response in adults, a U.S.-Canadian research team reports. The finding suggests that the vaccine is ready for large-scale testing in adults and children.

The vaccine targets group A streptococcus bacteria, which cause scarlet fever, rheumatic fever, and kidney damage as well as the throat infections that often circulate among school-age children. It also aims at the microbes--sometimes called flesh-eating bacteria--responsible for necrotizing fasciitis.

Researchers have identified more than 120 variations, or subtypes, of group A strep, and each subtype has a slightly different version of a surface molecule called the M protein. The new vaccine uses portions of the M protein found on 26 of these subtypes to spur a broad immune reaction. Those subtypes include all of those responsible for necrotizing fasciitis and rheumatic fever, which can result in permanent heart damage, and most of those that cause strep throat, says study coauthor Shelly A. McNeil, a physician at Dalhousie University in Halifax, Nova Scotia.

McNeil and her colleagues gave 70 healthy adults a series of three vaccinations over 6 months. Like most adults, the volunteers had come into contact with some natural group A strep microbes during their lifetimes and so already carried some antibodies to the bacterium. On average, the vaccinated volunteers boosted this antibody arsenal ninefold, McNeil says.

There is currently no vaccine against group A strep, says Peter E. Vink, a pediatrician with ID Biomedical Corp. of Bothell, Wash., the company that makes the experimental strep vaccine.--N.S.

COPYRIGHT 2005 Science Service, Inc.
COPYRIGHT 2005 Gale Group

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