Itraconazole

Abstract

Objective To compare the efficacy and safety of continuous terbinafine with intermittent itraconazole in the treatment of toenail onychomycosis.

Design Prospective, randomised, double blind, double dummy, multicentre, parallel group study lasting 72 weeks.

Setting 35 centres in six European countries.

Subjects 496 patients aged 18 to 75 years with a clinical and mycological diagnosis of dermatophyte onychomycosis of the toenail.

Interventions Study patients were randomly divided into four parallel groups to receive either terbinafine 250 mg a day for 12 or 16 weeks (groups [T.sub.12] and [T.sub.16]) or itraconazole 400 mg a day for 1 week in every 4 weeks for 12 or 16 weeks (groups [I.sub.3] and [I.sub.4]).

Main outcome measures Assessment of primary efficacy at week 72 was mycological cure, defined as negative results on microscopy and culture of samples from the target toenail.

Results At week 72 the mycological cure rates were 75.7% (81/107) in the T12 group and 80.8% (80/99) in the [T.sub.16] group compared with 38.3% (41/107) in the [I.sub.3] group and 49.1% (53/108) in the 14 group. All comparisons ([T.sub.12] v [I.sub.3], [T.sub.12] v [I.sub.4], [T.sub.16] v [I.sub.3], [T.sub.16], v [I.sub.4]) showed significantly higher cure rates in the terbinafine groups (all P [is less than] 0.0001). Also, all secondary clinical outcome measures were significantly in favour of terbinafine at week 72. There were no differences in the number or type of adverse events recorded in the terbinafine or itraconazole groups.

Conclusion Continuous terbinafine is significantly more effective than intermittent itraconazole in the treatment of patients with toenail onychomycosis.

Introduction

With a prevalence among adults of 2-4%[1-4] onychomycosis is one of the most common nail diseases and one of the few that are curable, providing it is diagnosed correctly. Systemic treatments for onychomycosis now include terbinafine, an allylanfine that is primarily fungicidal, and itraconazole, a triazole that is primarily fungistatic; both represent a major therapeutic advance over griseofulvin in the treatment of this condition. For toenail infections terbinafine is usually taken continuously for 12 weeks, whereas itraconazole is taken either continuously for the same period or intermittently--that is, 1 week in 4 weeks for 12 or 16 weeks.

Two double blind studies which compared the efficacy of continuous treatment with terbinafine and itraconazole in onychomycosis have both shown terbinafine to be significantly superior.[5 6] Because therapeutic concentrations of itraconazole are believed to persist in the nail for a considerable time after systemic treatment is stopped, intermittent therapy--with higher daily doses to achieve and maintain therapeutic concentrations--might be an effective alternative to continuous treatment. Such intermittent treatment is widely used currently to treat onychomycosis and is claimed to be as effective for this indication as both continuous itraconazole and continuous terbinafine.[7 8]

Few direct comparisons of continuous terbinafine versus intermittent itraconazole for onychomycosis exist and those that do are relatively small open studies.[9] We conducted the first large scale, double blind comparison of continuous terbinafine with intermittent itraconazole in the treatment of toenail onychomycosis.

Methods

Protocol

Study outline--We undertook a prospective, randomised, double blind, double dummy, multicentre, parallel group study over 72 weeks. A total of 38 investigators from 35 centres in six European countries (Finland, Germany, Iceland, Italy, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom) participated in the study, the objective of which was to compare the efficacy and safety of continuous terbinafine with intermittent itraconazole in the treatment of toenail onychomycosis.

Inclusion criteria--Participants were men and women aged 18 to 75 years with a clinical diagnosis of onychomycosis of the toenail (distal subungual or total dystrophic) confirmed by positive results on mycological culture and microscopy (examination in potassium hydroxide (KOH)). Only patients with dermatophyte infections were included, and all were required to have an affected great toenail (target nail) capable of regrowth. Involvement of the great toenail usually occurs in cases that are difficult to treat.

Exclusion criteria--The main exclusion criteria included the use of systemic antifungal treatment in the previous 12 months or topical antifungal treatment within 4 weeks before screening; use of drugs known or believed to interact with either of the study agents; people with conditions that might result in altered absorption, metabolism, or excretion of the study drugs; or radiotherapy, chemotherapy, or immunosuppressive therapy within 12 weeks before the beginning of the study. Other exclusion criteria were pregnancy or lactation; no use of contraception in women of childbearing age; psoriasis, mucocutaneous candidiasis, or immunodeficiency; and alanine transaminase or aspartate transaminase concentrations, or both, more than 1.5 times above the upper limit of the normal range or serum creatinine concentration above 300 [micro]mol/l.

Planned interventions--Patients were randomly allocated to one of four groups: terbinafine 250 mg a day for 12 weeks [T.sub.12] or 16 weeks ([T.sub.16]) or itraconazole 400 mg (four capsules of 100 mg) a day taken for 1 week in every 4 weeks for either 12 weeks ([I.sub.3]) or 16 weeks ([I.sub.4]). The double dummy system used to blind the study treatments involved the use of placebo tablets and placebo capsules to ensure that all patients took one tablet a day for 16 weeks and four capsules a day for weeks 1, 5, 9, and 13. To facilitate absorption of itraconazole all study medication was taken with meals. Patients were assessed at weeks 4, 8, 12 (end of active treatment for groups [T.sub.12] and [I.sub.3]) and 16 (end of active treatment for groups [T.sub.16] and [I.sub.4]) and then followed up with blinded assessments at weeks 24, 36, 48, and 72. Patients were regarded as non-compliant if they failed to take more than two complete daily doses of study medication in any 1 week or more than seven doses in any 1 month; these patients did not continue in the study.

Mycology--All mycological examinations were undertaken at a single laboratory (Public Health Laboratory Service (PHLS) Mycology Reference Laboratory, Leeds).

Ethics--The study protocol conformed to good clinical practice for trials on medicinal products in the European Community; the United States code of federal regulations dealing with clinical studies; and the Declaration of Helsinki on medical research in humans. All patients gave written informed consent to participation in the study and the study protocol was subject to approval by the institutional review board at each study centre.

Primary and secondary outcome measures--The primary efficacy parameter was mycological cure, defined as negative results on microscopy and negative results on fungal culture of samples taken from the target toenail. Rates of mycological cure were assessed at week 72. Secondary efficacy criteria included clinical cure (100% toenail clearing), complete cure (mycological and clinical cure), clinical effectiveness (mycological cure and at least 5 mm of new clear toenail growth), and global assessments by physician and patient. Global assessments were performed from weeks 12 to 72, with both physician and patient basing their assessments on the perceived condition of all affected toenails. The scale used included ratings of very good or excellent (none or minimal signs and symptoms); good (considerable improvement); fair (slight improvement); and poor (no change or worse).

Rationale and methods for statistical analysis--The study was designed to include at least 480 patients (120 in each group). Based on the assumption of a 70% mycological cure rate with itraconazole the study had 80% power to detect a 15% difference at the 5% level of significance. Treatment comparisons for cure rates (mycological, clinical, complete, and clinical effectiveness) and global assessments were analysed by the Cochran-Mantel-Haenzel test adjusted for country. Results for all efficacy assessments were based on the observed patients of the intention to treat population. Analyses were also performed with the "last observation carried forward" method.

Assignment

Treatment was assigned according to a predetermined computer generated randomisation code produced by Novartis. Thus study treatments (groups [T.sub.12], [T.sub.16], [I.sub.3], [I.sub.4]) were randomly allotted to sequential patient numbers in balanced blocks of four by centre and investigators then allocated patient numbers sequentially at baseline.

Blinding

Details of blinding are summarised in table 1. All patients took one tablet a day for weeks 1 to 16, either active (terbinafine 250 mg) or placebo. All patients also took two capsules twice daily (total of four capsules daily), either active (itraconazole 100 mg) or placebo, for weeks 1, 5, 9, and 13. All placebo tablets and capsules were identical in taste and appearance to the respective active compounds. The randomisation code was stored with Novartis and nobody involved in the conduct of the study had access to the code until the database was complete and locked.

Table 1 Details of treatment allocation and blinding. All tablets or capsules given daily

Results

Participant flow and follow up

A total of 843 patients were screened (figure 1) but 336 of these were excluded because of negative results on fungal culture, withdrawal of consent, protocol violations, or failure to return to the clinic. The 507 remaining patients were randomised for treatment, of whom 506 constituted the study population and 496 the intention to treat population (the 10 patients excluded violated the inclusion or exclusion criteria but had received at least one dose of medication). There were no significant differences at baseline between the four treatment groups with regard to demographics or to the extent and duration of nail disease (table 2).[2]

[Figure 1 ILLUSTRATION OMITTED]

Table 2 Baseline demographics of patients enrolled in study according to treatment for toenail onychomycosis

Analysis

Causal agents--The species of dermatophyte isolated at screening were Trichophyton rubrum (443; 89.3%), T rubrum plus a non-dermatophyte mould (8; 1.6%), T rubrum plus T mentagrophytes (3; 0.6%), or T mentagrophytes alone (42; 8.5%). Also, of all the patients screened for whom a fungus was cultured, dermatophytes were encountered in 95.7% (555/580).

Effects of interventions--Results for all assessments of efficacy for the primary and secondary outcome measures are based on intention to treat. Analyses were also performed with the "last observation carried forward" method. Results did not change with this method nor were there any differences in results when the two populations were analysed separately. Mean compliance was over 99% in all treatment groups.

Cure rates

Table 3 and figure 2 summarise the overall cure rates. Differences in mycological cure significantly favoured terbinafine in all comparisons (P [is less than] 0.0001), and all comparisons for clinical cure showed significant superiority of both terbinafine regimens versus either of the intermittent itraconazole regimens (P [is less than or equal to] 0.0022). As with the mycological cure rates the clinical cure rates for the continuous terbinafine groups continued to increase after treatment through to week 72. This was not the case for the intermittent itraconazole groups. All comparisons also showed significantly higher rates of complete cure in the continuous terbinafine groups compared with both the itraconazole regimens (P [is less than or equal to] 0.0044). For clinical effectiveness and global assessments all comparisons showed significantly higher rates of cure for the continuous terbinafine groups (P [is less than] 0.0001).

[Figure 2 ILLUSTRATION OMITTED]

Table 3 Overall cure rates for toenail onychomycosis after 72 weeks according to treatment. Figures are numbers (percentage) of patients

(*) Patients who assessed their therapeutic results as good or very good.

([dagger]) Physicians who rated patients' responses to treatment as good or very good.

Safety

A total of 236 patients reported at least one adverse event (55 for [T.sub.12], 61 for [T.sub.16], 60 for [I.sub.3], and 60 for [I.sub.4]). All were within the known safety profile of both drugs, and there were no significant differences in adverse events between the four treatment regimens. The most commonly reported adverse events were nausea, headache, upper respiratory tract infection, chest infection, back pain, flu-like symptoms, bronchitis, and fever, although most were considered by the investigators to be mild or moderate and unrelated to the study medications.

Discussion

We have shown in this study that terbinafine 250 mg a day over 12 or 16 weeks produces better mycological and clinical cure rates at week 72 than intermittent itraconazole given over the same periods. Rates of clinical cure for terbinafine improved clearly and consistently until the 72 week end point, whereas for itraconazole there was no significant improvement beyond week 48. Both drugs were well tolerated, with the adverse events reported or observed within the established tolerability profile of each drug.[10] The causal fungi seen in this study were the same as noted in previous studies,[11 12] with dermatophytes accounting for the infection in 96% of the 580 participants screened for whom a fungus was cultured and, by definition, in all 496 patients randomised to treatment.

One possible explanation for the superior efficacy of terbinafine in this study is provided by the reported differences in fungistatic and fungicidal concentrations of the two drugs. Terbinafine has a primary fungicidal action against dermatophyte fungi with mean minimum inhibitory (MIC) and minimum fungicidal (MFC) concentrations of around 0.004 [micro]g/ml, while itraconazole is primarily fungistatic, with mean MFC of about 0.6 [micro]g/ml in dermatophytes.[13] Terbinafine concentrations found in the nail are thus around 100-fold higher than the MFC of the drug,[14] while the reported concentrations of itraconazole are on the borderline between fungistatic and fungicidal action.[15] If fungicidal action is indeed important for effective clearing of onychomycosis variation in itraconazole concentrations in different patients might influence the therapeutic outcome, while in the case of terbinafine elimination of the pathogen would be achieved despite a wide range of variation. This therapeutic advantage is probably more evident in this study as the participants generally had severe onychomycosis, reflected by a relatively high percentage involvement of the target toenail (mean 70.4%), longstanding disease (mean 10.6 years), and, on average, onychomycosis in five other toenails.

Key messages

* Given a correct diagnosis, fungal nail disease (onychomycosis) is curable

* Terbinafine is an allylamine antifungal with a primarily fungicidal mode of action

* Continuous terbinafine treatment over 12 or 16 weeks achieves higher rates of clinical and mycological cure than intermittent itraconazole given over the same periods

* Terbinafine is safe and well tolerated over 12 or 16 weeks of continuous treatment

* Continuous terbinafine should be the current treatment of choice for onychomycosis

The principal investigators of the LION study were J P Steinsson, B Sigurgeirsson, J H Olafsson (Iceland); R Suhonen, T Rantanen, S Stubb, H Heikkilli (Finland); K Grunder, J Ring, M Goos, E G Jung, E Haneke, G Niedergesass, E Schopf, P Altmeyer, T Ruzicka, D Reinel (Germany); R E Boelen, L Hamminga, HJ van der Rhee, T M Starink, DJ Tazelaar, BJ Vermeer, J Wuite, D de Hoop, L P Montnor (Netherlands); P Biggio, E di Fonzo (Italy); M J D Goodfield, D T Roberts, J Berth-Jones, D Haworth, I U Haque, C Langdon, V Mittal, R Williams, R Cranfield, R Baldwin (United Kingdom).

We thank Dr Steve Billstein, Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, United States, for his constant help and guidance throughout this project, and Farid Kianifard and Angela Verzilli of Novartis; ICON Clinical Research, Dublin (Ireland), who administered the study and produced the final study report; and the staff of the PHLS Mycology Reference Laboratory, Leeds, who undertook the mycological investigations.

Contributors: EGVE assisted with the planning of the study, was responsible for all the mycological investigations, helped with the interpretation of the results, and was principally responsible for writing and revising the paper. BS was the principal study investigator and as such assisted with the planning of the study and was responsible for the final content of the protocol. BS also made a major contribution to the clinical work of the study, helped with the interpretation of the results, and assisted with writing and revising the paper. Both authors are guarantors.

Funding: Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation.

Conflict of interest: EGVE has received funds for research and attending symposia and also fees for speaking and consulting from a number of pharmaceutical companies, including Novartis Pharma and Janssen Pharmaceuticals. BS has received funds for research and fees for speaking and organising educational meetings from several pharmaceutical companies, including Novartis Pharma. Novartis manufactures Lamisil (terbinafine).

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[14] Schatz E Brautigam M, Dobrowolski E, Effendy I, Haberl H, Mensing H, et al. Nail incorporation kinetics of terbinafine in onychomycosis patients. Clin Exp Dermatol l995;20:377-83.

[15] De Doncker P, Decroix J, Pierard GE, Roelant D, Woestenborghs R, Jacqmin P, et al. Antifungal pulse therapy for onychomycosis: a pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic investigation of monthly cycles of 1-week pulse therapy with itraconazole. Arch Dermatol 1996; 132:34-41.

(Accepted 10 February 1999)

Public Health Laboratory Service (PHLS) Mycology Reference Laboratory, University of Leeds and General Infirmary, Leeds LS2 9JT

E Glyn V Evans, professor of medical mycology

University of Iceland and Reykjavik City Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland

Bardur Sigurgeirsson, assistant professor of dermatology

Correspondence to: Professor Evans E.G.V. Evans@ leeds.ac.uk

BMJ 1999;318:1031-5

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