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Lemierre's syndrome

Lemierre's syndrome (or Lemierre's disease) is a disease caused by the bacterium Fusobacterium necrophorum, and usually affects young, healthy adults. more...

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The first symptoms are just a sore throat, but after a couple of weeks this is followed by fever, rigors, swollen cervical lymph nodes and septicemia (infection of the blood) which can cause complications in other parts of the body including abscesses of lung and other organs, kidney failure and also effects on liver and joints if untreated.

Lemierre's syndrome is easily treated with antibiotics, but because sore throats are most commonly caused by viruses, for which antibiotic treatment is unnecessary, such treatment is not usual in the first phase of the disease. Lemierre's Disease proves that, rarely, antibiotics are sometimes needed for 'sore throats'.

Lemierre's syndrome is currently a very rare disease, but was quite common in the early 20th century before the discovery of penicillin. The reduced use of routine antibiotics for sore throats by doctors may have increased the risk of this disease, with 19 cases in 1997 and 34 cases in 1999 reported in the UK.

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Lemierre's syndrome
From Ear, Nose & Throat Journal, 12/1/04 by David Kirsch

Lemierre's syndrome is characterized by thrombophlebitis of the internal jugular vein and a spreading secondary infection. (1,2) When it occurs, it usually does so in young, previously healthy patients following an oropharyngeal infection accompanied by a persistently high fever. The overall incidence of this syndrome appears to be increasing.

The primary pathogen in Lemierre's syndrome is Fusobacterium neerophorum, a gram-negative rod that normally inhabits the oropharynx. (1,2) Prolonged antibiotic treatment with good anaerobic coverage is vital to minimizing morbidity and mortality; the mortality rate associated with Lemierre's syndrome prior to the antibiotic era was nearly 90%. (3) Today, with early diagnosis and treatment, the mortality rate has decreased to 15%. (3)

We evaluated a 21-year-old black man who presented with exudative tonsillitis and high fever. He had no significant medical history. Computed tomography (CT) of the neck detected a thrombosis of the right anterior jugular vein that extended from the level of the hyoid to the supraclavicular area (figure, A). CT of the chest revealed multiple cavitary pulmonary nodules throughout the pulmonary parenchyma (figure, B). Blood cultures were positive for F necrophorum, and the patient was treated with an appropriate antibiotic. A follow-up CT of the neck 4 weeks later showed a partial resolution of the thrombosis (figure, C).

In the presence of appropriate clinical features, the clinician should consider Lemierre's syndrome when cross-sectional imaging of the neck and chest demonstrates a thrombosed internal jugular vein and multiple septic emboli.

References

(1.) Gormus N, Durgut K, Ozergin U, et al. Lemierre's syndrome associated with septic pulmonary embolism: A case report. Ann Vasc Surg 2004; 18:243-5.

(2.) Sagowski C, Koch U. [Lemierre syndrome: Thrombosis of the internal jugular vein after tonsillectomy]. HNO 2004;52:251-4.

(3.) Weesner CL, Cisek JE. Lemierre syndrome: The forgotten disease. Ann Emerg Med 1993;22:256-8.

David Kirsch, MD; Devin Tighe, MD; Michael G. D'Antonio, MD; Enrique Palacios, MD, FACR

From the Department of Radiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and VA Medical Center, New Orleans.

COPYRIGHT 2004 Medquest Communications, LLC
COPYRIGHT 2005 Gale Group

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