Human eye cross-sectional view. Courtesy NIH National Eye InstituteNormal vision. Courtesy NIH National Eye InstituteThe same view with age-related macular deneneration.
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Macular degeneration

Macular degeneration is a medical condition where the light sensing cells in the macula malfunction and over time cease to work. According to the American Academy of Ophthalmology, it is the leading cause of central vision loss (blindness) in the United States today for those over the age of fifty. There are two basic types of the disease: Standard Macular Degeneration (MD) and Age Related Macular Degeneration (ARMD), with ARMD being the most common form of the condition. Macular degeneration that is not age related is most commonly caused by an inherited condition. These forms are sometimes called Juvenile macular degeneration (JMD). more...

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In macular degeneration the final form results in missing or blurred vision in the central, reading part of vision. The outer, peripheral part of the vision remains intact.

Age related macular degeneration

ARMD is further divided into a "dry," or nonexudative, form and a "wet," or exudative, form. Eighty five to ninety percent of cases are categorized as "dry" macular degeneration where fatty tissue, known as drusen, will slowly build up behind the retina. Ten to fifteen percent of cases involve the growth of abnormal blood vessels under the retina. These cases are called "wet" macular degeneration due to the leakage of blood and other fluid from behind the retina into the eye. Wet macular degeneration usually begins as the dry form. If allowed to continue without treatment it will completely destroy the macula. Medical, photodynamic, laser photocoagulation and laser treatment of wet macular degeneration are available.

Risk factors

  • Aging: Approximately 10% of patients 66 to 74 years of age will have findings of macular degeneration. The prevalence increases to 30% in patients 75 to 85 years of age.
  • Smoking: The only environmental exposure clearly associated with macular degeneration is tobacco smoking .
  • Family history: The lifetime risk of developing late-stage macular degeneration is 50% for people who have a relative with macular degeneration vs. 12% for people who do not have relatives with macular degeneration, i.e. a four fold higher risk.
  • Macular Degeneration Gene: Complement factor H (CFH) gene has been determined to be strongly associated with a person's risk for developing macular degeneration.
  • Exposure to sunlight especially blue light.
  • Hypertension.
  • Cardiovascular Risk Factors - high cholesterol, obesity.
  • High fat intake is associated with an increased risk of macular degeneration in both women and men. Fat provides about 42 % of the calories in the average American diet. A diet that derives closer to 20-25 % of total calories from fat is probably healthier. Reducing fat intake to this level means cutting down greatly on consumption of red meats and dairy products such as milk, cheese, and butter. Eating more cold-water fish (at least twice weekly), rather than red meats and eating any type of nuts may help macular degeneration patients.(Reference: Macular degeneration Types and Risk Factors.
  • Oxidative stress: It has been proposed that age related accumulation of low molecular weight, phototoxic, pro-oxidant melanin oligomers within lysosomes in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) may be partly responsible for decreasing the digestive rate of photoreceptor outer rod segments (POS) by the RPE. A decrease in the digestive rate of POS has been shown to be associated with lipofuscin formation - a classic symptom of macular degeneration. (Reference: Ophthalmic Research, 2005; volume 37: pages 136-141. "Melanin aggregation and polymerization: possible implications in age related macular degeneration")
  • Race Macular degeneration is more likely to be found in whites than in blacks.

Read more at Wikipedia.org


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Dodging macular degeneration with greens: when diagnosed with macular degeneration, this innovative minister's wife studied the Harvard research and began
From Saturday Evening Post, 11/1/04 by Andrea Roorda

The first time that I became aware of the words "macular degeneration" was when my parents were both diagnosed with the disease at approximately the same time. After living in Iowa for more than 65 years, they moved to Sun City, Arizona, where they enjoyed an 18-year retirement in the Del Webb retirement community. Approximately 10 years into retirement, they found out they had macular degeneration (MD) and were already in stage 2 to 3. After being diagnosed, they were very careful to wear sun-glasses and gave up their travels in their Winnebago motor home. By 1993, both were declared legally blind and moved to Dallas to be close to us. The MD progressed each year. Only with very bright light and strong magnification could they read anything.

Although I am not aware if my grandparents had MD, I do remember both of my grandfathers used magnifying glasses to read in their final years, and there have been several cataract surgeries in my extended family.

Five years ago, I was diagnosed at age 60 with the first early signs of macular degeneration. My ophthalmologist at the time gave me no suggestions whatsoever for controlling or reversing the MD process that he had detected. Since he didn't offer any preventive measures, I read everything that I could get my hands on, which is how I learned of Harvard's Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS) and other studies on the relationship between eating large amounts of greens and reducing the risk of MD. I was very impressed and immediately became a "greens" fanatic.

Fortunately, I love to cook very healthy meals, so I invented a collection of recipes that are served once or twice daily at the Roorda house in Dallas. Every day, I have a spinach salad, and if my husband isn't home for lunch, I'll often have another spinach salad at dinner. I love them.

One year later, my new ophthalmologist shared that he saw no signs of MD, I told him about what I was doing at home, and he had read the studies. He told me, "Just keep doing what you are doing." And I have. Each year since, I have been given a clean slate. Today, I have 20/20 vision--not a "crisp" 20/20, but still very good.

My ophthalmologist definitely believes that diet and sunglasses can help reverse MD in the very early stages and stabilize it in later stages. I am a firm believer that when you tell your ophthalmologist that you have a history of macular degeneration in your family, a preventive program ought to be established immediately.

Good Food Sources of Lutein & Zeaxanthin

Brussels sprouts, cooked cooked Spinach, Broccoli, cooked Kale, cooked Spinach, raw Zucchini, raw Peas, cooked 4 Broccoli, raw Corn, cooked Turnip greens, cooked Collard greens, cooked Lettuce, cos or romaine

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