Microcephaly can be caused by genetic and chromosomal abnormalities, or by environmental factors such as prenatal radiation exposure, prenatal infections (rubella , toxoplasmosis), and maternal drug use. Women with phenylketonuria (PKU) who do not maintain a low-protein diet during pregnancy are also at risk for having babies with microcephaly.
Microcephaly is occasionally obvious at birth, particularly if the fontanelle, or soft spot, is closed. It is typically diagnosed by measuring the circumference of the baby's head. Sometimes this measurement can be taken in utero through ultrasound waves. The child's physical growth is usually retarded, and he or she suffers delays in speech and mental development. Some children have seizures, crossed eyes, and spastic paralysis.
The treatment for a microcephalic child is essentially therapeutic, depending on the attending disabilities. The parents may need to learn special feeding techniques if the child's swallowing techniques are underdeveloped. Physical therapy can improve the child's coordination and strengthen or relax the muscles. Seizures and involuntary movements can be prevented by drugs such as anticonvulsants and muscle relaxers. Wheelchairs and orthopedic devices can aid mobility. Speech therapy can help the child to overcome communication difficulties.
Further Reading
For Your Information
Gale Encyclopedia of Childhood & Adolescence. Gale Research, 1998.