Pyomyositis

SUMMARY

We report a case of tropical pyomyositis in a boy who presented with a severe febrile illness associated with diffuse erythema, and swelling in many areas of the body which revealed on operation extensive necrotic areas of various muscles that required repeated debridement. The patient gave a history of contact with dogs, and an ELISA test for Toxocara canis was positive. He also presented eosinophilia and high serum IgE levels. Staphylococcus aureus was the sole bacteria isolated from the muscles affected. We suggest that tropical pyomyositis may be caused by the presence of migrating larvae of this or other parasites in the muscles. The immunologic and structural alterations caused by the larvae, in the presence of concomitant bacteremia, would favour seeding of the bacteria and the development of pyomyositis.

KEYWORDS: Tropical pyomyositis; Visceral larva migrans; Staphylococci; Toxocariasis; Hyperimmunoglobulinemia E

INTRODUCTION

Tropical pyomyositis (TP) is a pyogenic infection of skeletal muscles caused in 90% of the cases by Staphylococcus aureus usually resistant to penicillin and sensitive to other commonly used antibiotics4 6.14. It is a common disease in the tropics but has also been described in countries with temperate climates',.

Visceral larva migrans (VLM), described the first time by Beaver and colleagues in 1952, is a disease caused most commonly by the migration of the larvae of Toxocara canis in various organs of the human body3,9.

CASE REPORT

A 16 years old boy was well until two weeks before admission to hospital when he presented generalized myalgia, diffuse erythema, high spiking fever and lower limb edema. There was a history of intimate contact with dogs and of repeated furunculosis in the family.

At admission he was very ill, febrile, with generalized erythema, edema of the lower limbs, with swelling in the right thigh, right arm, left thigh and buttock. Treatment was started with oxacillin, gentamycin and metronidazol and the affected areas were submitted to daily debridement removing large amounts of necrotic tissue from the muscles and subcutaneous tissues. His clinical condition deteriorated when he developed respiratory failure due to pneumonia and was transferred to the ICU to be intubated and mechanically ventilated. At this time, a blood examination revealed hemoglobin of 7.7 g/dl, leukocytosis of 28,000 and eosinophilia of 10,000/mm^sup 3^3. A stool examination showed viable eggs of Schistosoma mansoni. Three blood cultures were negative and the culture of the abscesses showed Staphylococcus aureus resistant to penicillin.

He was treated with blood transfusions, total parenteral nutrition, and was eventually discharged from the ICU, and soon after, from the hospital. He was readmitted a few days later due to recurrence of the lesions in some of the previously described areas and was treated with an oral first-generation cephalosporin only, leaving the hospital 9 days afterwards in good condition.

One month later a laboratory makeup showed serum IgE of > 2000 KU/L (normal value: 1:500). He tested HIV-negative by ELISA and western blot analysis.

Now, after three years of follow up, the patient is doing well using prophylactic benzathine penicillin monthly. He gained weight but was left with extensive scars in the areas affected by pyomyositis.

DISCUSSION

In spite of being described for the first time in the last century, the underlying cause of tropical pyomyositis is still unknown and various theories have been suggested to explain its etiology'5. Viral infections 16, traumaS, malnutrition, vitamin deficiency and parasitic diseases2, were suggested as possible etiologic factors. O'BRIEN, in 1963", studying 65 patients with tropical pyomyositis found a larva in the pus obtained from the muscle of one of the patients. The author suggested that migrating larvae of worms could be a possible etiologic factor.

Infection with Toxocara canis occurs through the ingestion of infective eggs of the parasite in contaminated food, water or through geophagia (pica) in children. Other routes of transmission include ingestion of undercooked meat of rabbits, poultry, cows and pork". In the paratenic host, like man, the larva does not develop or grow but migrates through various body organs such as liver, lungs, brain, kidneys, muscles, and eyes, being capable of surviving for many months, and giving rise to the visceral larva migrans syndrome13.

The larva induces a host reaction represented by the granuloma that is rich in neutrophils and eosinophils in the early phase, and in macrophages later on. In a subsequent stage a dense collagenous capsule is formed around a center of epithelioid cells full of lipid material that may contain or not a larva or part of it. At this phase, eosinophils are rarely seen because they have been phagocytosed by the macrophages10,13.

Infection with this parasite induces the differentiation of ThO lymphocytes to Th2 cells that produce IL-4 which switches immunoglobulin production from IgG to IgE and IL-5 that stimulates the production and proliferation of eosinophils. At the same time, these cytokines inhibit the differentiation of ThO to Thl cells and so reduce the production of IL-2 and gammainterferon that induce a more adequate immune response represented by the production of IgG and stimulation of the intracellular killing of pathogens by the macrophages1,7,11.

Our patient admitted contact with dogs, a well known risk factor for VLM, and a history of furunculosis that could have been the origin of bacteremia which led to muscle abscesses. An ELISA test for VLM was positive. There was eosinophilia and hyperimmunoglobulinemia E, a common finding in VLM and schistosomiasis11,12,18,

Taking all these factors together, we suggest that the presence of larvae of T. canis in the skeletal muscles associated with the immunologic and structural alterations that it causes, in the presence of bacteremia, may lead to the formation of muscle abscesses.

In an experimental work undertaken by our group, the development of muscle abscesses in mice infected with T. canis larvae and Staphylococcus aureus was significantly more frequent (p

RESUMO Larva migrans visceral e piomiosite tropical: relato de um caso

Os autores relatam o caso de um jovem com piomiosite tropical grave, eosinofilia e hiperimunoglobulinemia E. O paciente relatou historia de contato com um cao e o teste de ELISA para Toxocara canis revelou-se positivo. O Staphylococcus aureus foi a unica bacteria isolada da secrecao purulenta obtida dos abscessos musculares. Sugere-se que a piomiosite tropical possa ser iniciada pela presenca das larvas desse ou de outros parasitos com tropismo para os musculos. As alterapoes imunolbgicas e estruturais nos musculos acometidos pelas larvas e a presenqa de bacteriemia podem favorecer a instalacao da bacteria e o desenvolvimento da piomiosite.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This work was partially supported by grants from CNPq, and FAPEMIG-Brazil

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J. Roberto LAMBERTUCCI, Abdunnabi RAYES, Jose Carlos SERUFO, Daniela Moura TEIXEIRA, Rogerio GERSPACHER-LARA, Evaldo NASCIMENTO, Geraldo BRASILEIRO-FILHO & Ana Cristina SILVA

Departamento de Clinica Medica, Faculdade de Medicina da UFMG, Brasil

Correspondence to: Dr. J. Roberto Lambertucci, Departamento de Clinica Medica, Faculdade de Medicina da UFMG. Av. Alfredo Balena, 190, 30.130-100 Belo Horizonte,

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