Lucius Cornelius Sulla - a denarius portrait issued by his grandsonLucius Cornelius Sulla
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Sulla

Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix (Latin: L·CORNELIVS·L·F·P·N·SVLLA·FELIX) ¹ (ca. 138 BC–78 BC) Roman General and Dictator, was usually known simply as Sulla. His agnomen Felix — the fortunate — was attained later in his life, due to his legendary luck as a general. Sulla's name is also seen as "Silla", presumably due to corruption of ancient writing "SVILLA" (Suilla), that went in the two directions of Sulla and Silla. It is also occasionally seen as "Sylla". more...

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Early years

Sulla was born into an impoverished branch of the Cornelii gens, or family, of aristocratic patrician stock but without influence in the city. Without any money, Sulla's first years were spent in the backstage of Rome's political elite. The means by which Sulla attained the fortune that enabled him to ascend to senatorial rank are not clear, although some sources refer to family inheritances.

In 107 BC, Sulla was nominated quaestor to Gaius Marius, who was taking control of the Roman army in the war against King Jugurtha of Numidia. The Jugurthine war had started in 112 BC with humiliating results for Rome. Marius' army ultimately defeated the enemy in 106 BC, thanks to Sulla's initiative to capture the Numidian king by persuading his family to betray him. The publicity attracted by this feat boosted Sulla's political career, but earned him bitter resentment from Marius. Nevertheless, Sulla continued to serve on Marius' staff until the campaign against the Germanic Teutones and Cimbri tribes in Gaul 104–103 BC. At this time, Sulla transferred to the army of Quintus Lutatius Catulus, Marius' rival consul. With Sulla's assistance, Marius and Catulus defeated the Cimbri in the Battle of Vercellae in 101 BC.

The Social War

Returning to Rome, Sulla was elected 'Praetor urbanus', through massive bribery, according to rumour. Afterwards, he was appointed to the province of Cilicia (in modern Turkey). In 92 BC Sulla left the East and returned to Rome, where he aligned himself with the opposition to Gaius Marius. On the verge of the Social War (91–88 BC), the Roman aristocracy and Senate were starting to fear Marius' ambition, which had already given him five consulships in a row from 104 BC to 100 BC. In this last rebellion of the Italian allies, Sulla served with brilliance as a general, and outshone both Marius and the consul Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo (the father of Pompey). For example, in 89 BC Sulla captured Aeclanum, the chief town of Hirpini, by setting the wooden breastwork which defended it on fire. As a result, he was elected consul for the first time in 88 BC, with Quintus Pompeius Rufus as his colleague.

In the East. The First Civil War

As the consul of Rome, Sulla prepared to depart once more for the East, in order to fight the first Mithridatic War, by the appointment of the Senate. But he would leave trouble behind him. Marius was now an old man, but he still had the ambition to lead the Roman armies against King Mithridates VI of Pontus. Marius convinced the tribune P. Sulpicius Rufus to call an assembly and revert the Senate's decision on Sulla's command. Sulpicius also used the assemblies to eject Senators from the Senate until there were not enough senators needed to form a quorum. As violence in the forum ensued and the efforts of the nobles to effect a public lynching similar to what had happenned to the brothers Gracchi and Saturninus were smashed by the gladitatorial bodyguard of Sulpicius, Sulla went to the house of Marius and made a personnel plea to stop the violence which was ignored.

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Pax Romana
From Computer Gaming World, 3/1/04

Wars, civil unrest, military reforms, and political upheaval wracked ancient Rome before the turn of the millennium. As it transformed from a glorious republic into an overbearing empire, Rome bested Carthage, Macedon, Syria, and Numidia, and in turn paid an incredible price for war. Soon, the political machinations of the great generals Marius and Sulla changed the auspices of Roman ascension forever. Pax Romana does a fantastic job re-creating all of this, albeit with a handful of problems.

There are two game modes to choose from: strategic and political. The strategic game is a matter of expanding the republic as Rome's absolute ruler in one of six historical-campaign scenarios, including the Punic and Gallic wars and conquering Parthia as Julius Caesar. You expand your empire by forming alliances and conquering neighboring kingdoms. With over 100 nations, 500 regions, 40 military units, and hundreds of randomly calculated historical events, expanding the empire demands your complete attention.

The political mode is where Pax Romana deftly mixes deep strategy and roleplaying elements. As leader of one of Rome's six political factions, your goal is to gain power while expanding the empire in one of several historically relevant scenarios. Victory means getting elected to Rome's Consul for Life. Power is gained through political connections at the senate (bribes work well), exploiting urban and rural commodities, or even hosting a circus (keeping the citizenry content is crucial). Victory is tabulated via an extensive list of personal performances and collective objectives. For instance, if one of your faction leaders gets assassinated or pirates attack a trade route, you lose points.

Pax Romana's scramble of menus, action panels, maps, and stratagems can be overwhelming, and little is gained from consulting the manual or the game's well-thought-out but bug-ridden tutorial. The game also contains a swarm of annoying if not fatal bugs and lackluster enemy A.I. Fortunately, neither completely stifles the overall experience of ruling an empire.

With more spit and polish, Pax Romana could have been a cornerstone strategy game detailing a great civilization. Still, it contains features any die-hard—and patient—historical strategy gamer can get excited about.

Verdict: A decent primer for Rome: Total War.

Copyright © 2004 Ziff Davis Media Inc. All Rights Reserved. Originally appearing in Computer Gaming World.

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