Find information on thousands of medical conditions and prescription drugs.

Turner's syndrome

Turner syndrome is a human genetic abnormality, caused by a nondisjunction in the sex chromosomes that occurs in females (1 out of every 2,500 births). Instead of the normal XX sex chromosomes, only one X chromosome is present and fully functional; this is called 45,X or X0. In Turner syndrome, female sexual characteristics are present but underdeveloped. more...

Home
Diseases
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
Candidiasis
Tachycardia
Taeniasis
Talipes equinovarus
TAR syndrome
Tardive dyskinesia
Tarsal tunnel syndrome
Tay syndrome ichthyosis
Tay-Sachs disease
Telangiectasia
Telangiectasia,...
TEN
Teratoma
Teratophobia
Testotoxicosis
Tetanus
Tetraploidy
Thalassemia
Thalassemia major
Thalassemia minor
Thalassophobia
Thanatophobia
Thoracic outlet syndrome
Thrombocytopenia
Thrombocytosis
Thrombotic...
Thymoma
Thyroid cancer
Tick paralysis
Tick-borne encephalitis
Tietz syndrome
Tinnitus
Todd's paralysis
Topophobia
Torticollis
Touraine-Solente-Golé...
Tourette syndrome
Toxic shock syndrome
Toxocariasis
Toxoplasmosis
Tracheoesophageal fistula
Trachoma
Transient...
Transient Global Amnesia
Transposition of great...
Transverse myelitis
Traumatophobia
Treacher Collins syndrome
Tremor hereditary essential
Trichinellosis
Trichinosis
Trichomoniasis
Trichotillomania
Tricuspid atresia
Trigeminal neuralgia
Trigger thumb
Trimethylaminuria
Triplo X Syndrome
Triploidy
Trisomy
Tropical sprue
Tropophobia
Trypanophobia
Tuberculosis
Tuberous Sclerosis
Tularemia
Tungiasis
Turcot syndrome
Turner's syndrome
Typhoid
Typhus
Tyrosinemia
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
Medicines

Symptoms

Common symptoms of Turner syndrome include:

  • Short stature
  • Lymphoedema (swelling) of the hands and feet
  • Broad chest and widely-spaced nipples
  • Low hairline
  • Low-set ears
  • Reproductive sterility

Other symptoms include a small lower jaw, cubitus valgus (turned-out elbows), a webbed neck, and soft, upturned nails. Less common are pigmented moles, hearing loss, and a high-arch palate. Turner syndrome manifests itself differently in different people, and no two women need share the same symptoms.

Causes

Turner syndrome is caused by the loss of genetic material from one of the sex chromosomes. In Turner syndrome, the embryo has only one functioning sex chromosome. This chromosome is always an X chromosome, as an embryo with only a Y chromosome is incapable of survival. The remaining X chromosome is either absent or damaged. Mosaic Turner syndrome, where some of the cells have two sex chromosomes but others have only a single functioning X chromosome, is also possible. In cases of mosaic Turner syndrome, the symptoms are usually less pronounced.

There are no known risk factors for Turner syndrome.

Incidence

Approximately 98% of all fetuses with Turner syndrome spontaneously abort. Fetuses with Turner syndrome make up about 10% of the total number of spontaneously aborted fetuses in the United States. The incidence of Turner syndrome in live births is between 1 in 2,500 and 1 in 3,000.

History

The syndrome is named after Henry Turner, an Oklahoma endocrinologist, who described it in the 1940s. In Europe, it is often called Ullrich-Turner syndrome or even Bonnevie-Ulrich-Turner syndrome to acknowledge that earlier cases had also been described by European doctors.

Diagnosis

Turner syndrome may be diagnosed by an amniocentesis during pregnancy. Sometimes, fetuses with Turner syndrome are identified by abnormal ultrasound findings (i.e. heart defect, kidney abnormality, cystic hygroma, ascities). Although the recurrence risk is not increased, genetic counseling is often recommended for families who have had a pregnancy or child with Turner syndrome.

A blood test, called a karyotype, analyzes the chromosomal composition of the individual. This is the most commonly used blood test to diagnose Turner syndrome.

Medical consequences of Turner syndrome

While most of the symptoms of Turner syndrome are harmless, some can lead to significant medical problems.

Cardiovascular

It is interesting for a better understanding to first consider the results of Price et al, 1986 study of 156 female patients with Turner syndrome. Indeed they showed a significantly greater number of deaths from diseases of the circulatory system than expected, half of them due to congenital heart disease. The interesting finding is that when patients with congenital heart disease were omitted from the sample of the study, the mortality from circulatory disorders was not significantly increased.

Read more at Wikipedia.org


[List your site here Free!]


Turner's syndrome mosaicism in patients with a normal blood lymphocyte karyotype
From British Medical Journal, 3/27/99 by Cristina Azcona

Most doctors believe that a normal blood lymphocyte karyotype excludes the diagnosis of Turner's syndrome. However, there are patients whose dysmorphic features strongly suggest Turner's syndrome, but whose lymphocyte karyotype is normal. In the past, these patients have probably been labelled inappropriately as having Noonan's syndrome. In a girl with some of the clinical features of Turner's syndrome--growth failure,[1] gonadal dysfunction, cardiovascular abnormalities, renal anomalies, a webbed or short neck, or both, cubitus valgus, and nail dysplasia,[2 3]--it is important to make an accurate diagnosis. Turner's syndrome has serious sequelae throughout life--especially with regard to hypertension, oestrogen replacement, infertility, and skeletal integrity.

Case reports

We describe four patients who had features of Turner's syndrome (see table), but whose lymphocyte karyotype was normal. All had more than just short stature. The patients in cases 1, 3, and 4 had other clinical features of Turner's syndrome, while the girl in case 2 had no dysmorphic features but a pattern of growth failure typical of Turner's syndrome. The girls subsequently underwent skin biopsy for fibroblast culture and chromosome analysis. In one patient (case 3), an initial lymphocyte karyotype was reported as normal (46, XX), but a second investigation showed 2 out of 100 cells had a 45, XO Turner's syndrome karyotype after the analysis of skin fibroblasts.

Clinical features and skin fibroblast karyotype in four girls with suspected Turner's syndrome and normal lymphocyte karyotype

Comment

Clinical features of Turner's syndrome in patients with a normal lymphocyte karyotype point to the necessity of assessing the karyotype in other tissues, notably the skin. A skin biopsy for fibroblast analysis is quick and easy to perform, and leaves only a small scar. We diagnosed Turner's syndrome in four girls who had a normal lymphocyte karyotype, but in whom chromosomal analysis of skin fibroblasts showed Turner's mosaicism. The discrepancies between the blood and skin karyotypes found in our patients mean that previous cases of Turner's syndrome have been undiagnosed or misdiagnosed.

We suggest that in some cases of Turner's syndrome the abnormal cell lines die out in the bone marrow, thereby leaving the 46, XX cell line. This phenomenon may be explained by the rapid cell turnover in the bone marrow. It is well known that the distribution of the constituent karyotype in tissues differs in patients with a mosaic chromosome complement However, restriction of monosomy X to specific tissues such as skin,[4 5] endometrium,[5] and ovary[6] is unusual.

Turner's syndrome is believed to occur in 1 per 2500 liveborn girls, and in approximately one third of cases analysis shows mosaics on the lymphocyte karyotype.[7] Normal lymphocyte karyotypes with chromosomal aberrations in skin fibroblast cultures have probably been observed in some cytogenetic laboratories, but have rarely been reported. Thus, doctors may be unaware of the indications for chromosomal analysis of a second tissue in some patients.

Although rare, mosaicism limited to certain tissues has been described previously in disorders such as trisomy 21,[8 9] trisomy 8 mosaicism,[10] and triploidy.[11] The factors influencing survival of an aneuploid cell line in given tissues are unknown, as are the mechanisms by which mosaicism occurs. Several observations in vivo[12 13] and in trisomy 8 mosaicism[10] suggest that aneuploid cell lines may be lost over time in lymphocytes of people who have persistent euploid/ aneuploid mosaicism in skin fibroblasts. Our observations contradict the assumption that the determination of blood karyotype is an absolute test, and the principles we have described may well be applicable to other chromosomal disorders.

Turner's syndrome should be suspected in any girl with two or more of the clinical features of that disorder. For example, growth failure in a girl with short stature or primary ovarian failure or osteoporosis in a short woman are indications for skin karyotype determination if the blood chromosome complement is normal. In conclusion, we believe that Turner's syndrome is such an important diagnosis that some patients with a normal lymphocyte karyotype warrant cytogenetic evaluation of a second tissue, usually the skin, when this diagnosis is strongly suspected.

Contributors: RS coordinated the study and had the original idea for performing skin biopsies in girls when there was suspicion of Turner's syndrome; he is guarantor for the paper. CA and PB collected the data and wrote the manuscript.

Funding: CA was funded by the Fundacion Ramon Areces, Spain. PB was funded by the Child Growth Foundation. We are grateful to Serono (UK) for secretarial support.

[1] Lyon A, Preece M, Grant D. Growth curve for girls with Turner syndrome. Arch Dis Child 1985;60:932.

[2] Ulrich O. Turner's syndrome and status Bonnevie-Ulrich. Am J Hum Genet 1949;1:179.

[3] Turner H. A syndrome of infantilism, congenital webbed neck and cubitus valgus. Endocrinology 1938;23:566.

[4] Pagon R, Hall J, Davenport S, Aase J, Norwood T, Hoehn H. Abnormal skin fibroblasts cytogenetics in four dysmorphic patients with normal lymphocyte chromosomes. Am J Hum Genet 1979;31:54-61.

[5] Kava H, Klinger H. Secondary infertility in a phenotypically normal 45,X/46XX female. Fertil Steril 1968;19:835-9.

[6] Goldstein D, Kelly T, Johanson A, Blizzard R. Gonadal dysgenesis with 45,X0/46,XX mosaicism demonstrated only in streak gonad. J Pediatr 1977;90:604-5.

[7] Smith DW. Recognizable patterns of human malformation. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1982:46-51.

[8] Richards B. Mosaic mongolism. J Ment Defic Res 1969;13:66-83.

[9] Ladda R, Maisels M, Dosset J, Dobelle Y. Chromosomal mosaicism in Down's syndrome. A diagnostic challenge. J Genet Hum 1973;21:215-22.

[10] Schinzel A, Biro Z, Schmid W, Hayashi K. Trisomy 8 mosaicism syndrome. Helv Paediatr Acta 1974;29:531-40.

[11] Ferrier P, Ferrier S, Stalder G, Bithler E, Bamatter F, Klein D. Congenital asymmetry associated with diploid-triploid mosaicism and large satellites. Lancet 1964;i:80-2.

[12] Atkins L, Sceery R, Kennan M. An unstable ring chromosome in a female infant with hypotonia, seizures and retarded development. J Med Genet 1966;3:134-8.

[13] Porter I, Brown C, Gergosian L, Paul B. Evidence of selection in mosaicism.J Med Genet 1969;6:310-3.

(Accepted 26 June 1998)

A normal blood karyotype does not exclude the diagnosis of Turner's syndrome

Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children and Middlesex Hospital (UCLH), London WC1N 8AA

Cristina Azcona, research fellow

Philippe Bareille, research fellow

Richard Stanhope, consultant

Correspondence to: Dr Stanhope r.stanhope@ ich.ud.ac.uk

BMJ 1999;318:856-7

COPYRIGHT 1999 British Medical Association
COPYRIGHT 2000 Gale Group

Return to Turner's syndrome
Home Contact Resources Exchange Links ebay