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Achromatopsia

Achromatopsia is a medical condition (also called maskun or rod monochromatism) characterized by a low cone cell count or lack of function in cone cells; these are the light receptors responsible for colour perception. It is endemic on the atoll of Pingelap and was described by Oliver Sacks in Island of the Colourblind. Sacks went there with a Norwegian who had maskun, and the book narrates his experiences on the island. more...

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People with maskun have difficulty seeing in bright daylight because their rod cells (the receptors responsible for detecting brightness) are saturated. People with normal colour vision do not perceive things in the same way as those with maskun, because they depend on colour more than on luminosity to identify objects and patterns, whereas achromatopics depend almost entirely on luminosity to identify patterns. The closest that normal-sighted persons can come to experiencing maskun-type vision is in the dark, when the rod cells become the predominant receptors for vision due to their sensitivity to variations in brightness. Achromatopsia can vary in its severity from being mild enough that it is not diagnosed to causing near blindness. It is a relatively rare condition requiring two recessive genes (CNGA3 and CNGB3). In the United States, it affects approximately 1 in 33,000 people. The condition is generally stable over the course of one's life. Many achromats function normally with the aid of darkened lenses, while others use guide dogs, canes, and are considered legally blind.

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Letters - Letter to the Editor
From Science News, 9/30/00

Animal arrogance

I beg to differ with the quote, attributed to Ethan Temeles in "Flowers, not flirting, make sexes differ" (SN: 7/22/00, p. 52): "This is the first really unambiguous example of ecology playing a role in the morphological differences between the sexes." The statement exhibits the annoyingly common practice among zoologists to think and generalize as if only animals (and, even worse, only vertebrates) and their literature matter. The plant literature contains numerous published studies, for multiple species, of ecologically driven sexual differentiation and displacement in vascular plants alone.

Michael Grant University of Colorado Boulder, Colo.

Not everything's about sex

Your article "Gene mutation for color blindness found" (SN: 7/22/00, p. 63) ends with the claim that "a color-blind person and a noncarrier have no chance of having a color-blind child." Yet as I recall from basic biology class, color blindness is considered a prime example of a sex-linked trait, which makes the above statement untrue. Carried on the X chromosome, the trait would manifest differently depending on whether the offspring were male or female. Please clarify.

Elizabeth Bakwin Chicago, Ill.

The color-blindness mutation of people on Pingelap is found on chromosome 8. The other known mutation leading to achromatopsia, this form of color blindness, is on chromosome two. While some forms of color blindness are sex linked, this one isn't. --N. Seppa

Tip off the old block

The July 22 cover, "Sticker shock," and the related article ("The little engines that couldn't," SN: 7/22/00, p. 56) say that the powerful forces that arise at the surface of micromachines weren't expected. Any skilled machinist who has used Johannsen gauge blocks in measuring and checking his work would not be surprised at all. These blocks are stacks of hardened steel rectangles with highly polished, flat, parallel surfaces. They are used in the gauging of measurements in precision machining. Because of the precise finish and flatness of the pieces, molecular cohesion forces hold them together in a bond not easily broken. Johannsen gauge blocks have been in use for a hundred years.

Norman MacRitchie Honolulu, Hawaii

Send communications to: Editor, SCIENCE NEWS 1719 N Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20036 or scinews@sciserv.org All letters subject to editing.

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