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Lutropin alfa

Luteinizing hormone (LH) is a hormone synthesised and secreted by gonadotropes in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. It is one of the gonadotropins, which are necessary for proper sexual function, the other being follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). more...

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Structure

LH is a glycoprotein, with a dimeric protein subunit, each monomer of which is connected to a sugar moiety. Its structure is similar to FSH, TSH, and hCG. The protein dimer contains 2 polypeptide units, labelled alpha and beta subunits. The alpha subunits of LH, FSH, TSH, and hCG are identical, containing 92 amino acids. Their beta subunits vary. LH has a beta subunit of 121 amino acids that confers its specific biologic action and is responsible for interaction with the LH-receptor. The sugar part of the hormone is composed of fructose, galactose, mannose, galactosamine, glucosamine, and sialic acid, the latter being critical for its biologic half-life. The half-life of LH is only 20 minutes.

Genes

The gene for the alpha subunit is located on chromosome 6p21.1-23. It is expressed in different cell types. The gene for the LH beta subunit is located on chromosome 19q13.3, is expressed in gonadotropes of the pituitary cells and controlled by GnRH.

Activity

In both males and females, LH stimulates the production of sex steroids from the gonads. Leydig cells in male testes respond to LH by producing testosterone, while theca cells in the female ovary respond to LH by producing androgens and estrogens.

In females, a LH surge about halfway through the menstrual cycle triggers the onset of Graafian follicular rupture and ovulation. LH also induces the remnant granulosa cells and theca interna cells of the ruptured follicle to become the corpus luteum, which then secretes progesterone. This surge also causes the primary oocytes to complete meiosis I and enter meiosis II, by the action of maturation-promoting factor. It promotes collagenase activity which breaks down collagen fibres around the follicle. Furthermore, it increases prostaglandin levels which induces local muscle contraction in the ovarian wall.

hLH levels are normally low during childhood and, in women, high after menopause.

Deficient LH activity

  1. Kallmann syndrome
  2. Hypothalamic suppression
  3. Hypopituitarism
  4. Hyperprolactinemia
  5. Gonadotropin deficiency
  6. Gonadal suppression therapy
    1. GnRH antagonist
    2. GnRH agonist (downregulation)

Excess LH activity

  1. Pituitary tumor (gonadotropes)
  2. Polycystic ovary syndrome
  3. Gonadal failure

Availability

LH is available mixed with FSH in the form of Pergonal and newer preparations of urinary gonadotropins, and pure in the form of recombinant LH.

Read more at Wikipedia.org


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Serono Announces Formal Conclusion of Serostim Settlement
From PR Newswire, 12/15/05

GENEVA, and ROCKLAND, Mass., Dec. 15 /PRNewswire-FirstCall/ -- Serono (virt-x: SEO; NYSE: SRA) announced today that one of its U.S. affiliates has voluntarily entered a guilty plea and the company has formally concluded the previously announced settlement of the government investigation led by the U.S. Attorney's office in Massachusetts into commercial practices related to Serostim(R) [somatropin (rDNA origin) for injection]. The comprehensive settlement, announced in October, with federal and state agencies concludes all liabilities to the government in connection with the investigation.

The company's U.S. products are Rebif(R) (interferon beta-1a), Novantrone(R) (mitoxantrone for injection concentrate), Gonal-f(R) (follitropin alfa for injection), Luveris(R) (lutropin alfa for injection), Ovidrel(R) (choriogonadotropin alfa injection), Crinone 8%(R) (progesterone gel), Cetrotide(R) (cetrorelix acetate for injection), Serostim(R) [somatropin (rDNA origin) for injection], Saizen(R) [somatropin (rDNA origin) for injection] and Zorbtive(TM) [somatropin (rDNA origin) for injection]. These products continue to be available in the U.S. through Serono Inc., and are eligible for reimbursement under federal and state health care programs.

Settlement Background

In April 2005, the company announced that it had taken a $725 million provision to cover the settlement and related costs. The provision, which was recorded as an exceptional charge in the company's earnings report for the first quarter of 2005, is sufficient to cover the comprehensive settlements and related costs and the settlement amount will be paid in 2005.

About Serono

Serono is a global biotechnology leader. The Company has eight biotechnology products, Rebif(R), Gonal-f(R), Luveris(R), Ovidrel(R)/Ovitrelle(R), Serostim(R), Saizen(R), Zorbtive(TM) and Raptiva(R). In addition to being the world leader in reproductive health, Serono has strong market positions in neurology, metabolism and growth and has recently entered the psoriasis area. The Company's research programs are focused on growing these businesses and on establishing new therapeutic areas, including oncology. Currently, there are approximately 30 ongoing development projects.

In 2004, Serono achieved worldwide revenues of US$2,458.1 million, and a net income of US$494.2 million, making it the third largest biotech company in the world. Its products are sold in over 90 countries. Bearer shares of Serono S.A., the holding company, are traded on the virt-x (SEO) and its American Depositary Shares are traded on the New York Stock Exchange (SRA).

Forward-looking statement

Some of the statements in this press release are forward looking. Such statements are inherently subject to known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause actual results, performance or achievements of Serono S.A. and affiliates to be materially different from those expected or anticipated in the forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are based on Serono's current expectations and assumptions, which may be affected by a number of factors, including those discussed in this press release and more fully described in Serono's Annual Report on Form 20-F filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission on March 16, 2005. These factors include any failure or delay in Serono's ability to develop new products, any failure to receive anticipated regulatory approvals, any problems in commercializing current products as a result of competition or other factors, our ability to obtain reimbursement coverage for our products, the outcome of government investigations and litigation and government regulations limiting our ability to sell our products. Serono has no responsibility to update the forward-looking statements contained in this press release to reflect events or circumstances occurring after the date of this press release.

Website: http://www.seronousa.com

CONTACT: Media Relations, USA, +1-781-681-2481, or Investor Relations, USA, +1-781-681- 2552, or Corporate Media Relations, +41 22 739 36 00, Corporate Investor Relations, +41 22 739 36 01, all of Serono

COPYRIGHT 2005 PR Newswire Association LLC
COPYRIGHT 2005 Gale Group

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