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Lutropin alfa

Luteinizing hormone (LH) is a hormone synthesised and secreted by gonadotropes in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. It is one of the gonadotropins, which are necessary for proper sexual function, the other being follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). more...

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Structure

LH is a glycoprotein, with a dimeric protein subunit, each monomer of which is connected to a sugar moiety. Its structure is similar to FSH, TSH, and hCG. The protein dimer contains 2 polypeptide units, labelled alpha and beta subunits. The alpha subunits of LH, FSH, TSH, and hCG are identical, containing 92 amino acids. Their beta subunits vary. LH has a beta subunit of 121 amino acids that confers its specific biologic action and is responsible for interaction with the LH-receptor. The sugar part of the hormone is composed of fructose, galactose, mannose, galactosamine, glucosamine, and sialic acid, the latter being critical for its biologic half-life. The half-life of LH is only 20 minutes.

Genes

The gene for the alpha subunit is located on chromosome 6p21.1-23. It is expressed in different cell types. The gene for the LH beta subunit is located on chromosome 19q13.3, is expressed in gonadotropes of the pituitary cells and controlled by GnRH.

Activity

In both males and females, LH stimulates the production of sex steroids from the gonads. Leydig cells in male testes respond to LH by producing testosterone, while theca cells in the female ovary respond to LH by producing androgens and estrogens.

In females, a LH surge about halfway through the menstrual cycle triggers the onset of Graafian follicular rupture and ovulation. LH also induces the remnant granulosa cells and theca interna cells of the ruptured follicle to become the corpus luteum, which then secretes progesterone. This surge also causes the primary oocytes to complete meiosis I and enter meiosis II, by the action of maturation-promoting factor. It promotes collagenase activity which breaks down collagen fibres around the follicle. Furthermore, it increases prostaglandin levels which induces local muscle contraction in the ovarian wall.

hLH levels are normally low during childhood and, in women, high after menopause.

Deficient LH activity

  1. Kallmann syndrome
  2. Hypothalamic suppression
  3. Hypopituitarism
  4. Hyperprolactinemia
  5. Gonadotropin deficiency
  6. Gonadal suppression therapy
    1. GnRH antagonist
    2. GnRH agonist (downregulation)

Excess LH activity

  1. Pituitary tumor (gonadotropes)
  2. Polycystic ovary syndrome
  3. Gonadal failure

Availability

LH is available mixed with FSH in the form of Pergonal and newer preparations of urinary gonadotropins, and pure in the form of recombinant LH.

Read more at Wikipedia.org


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Rebif Labeling Changes Reflect Efficacy and Convenience of the Fastest Growing MS Treatment in the U.S
From Business Wire, 5/22/03

Business Editors/Health/Medical Writers

ROCKLAND, Mass. & NEW YORK--(BUSINESS WIRE)--May 22, 2003

Serono, Inc. and Pfizer Inc.

Updated Label Says Patients Treated With Rebif(R) Are More Likely

To Remain Relapse Free At 24 And 48 Weeks

vs. Patients Treated With Avonex(R)

Serono, Inc. and Pfizer Inc., co-promoters of Rebif(R) (interferon beta-1a) in the US, announced today that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved additional efficacy and product stability information for Rebif(R).

The new label changes reflect the treatment's efficacy and convenience in treating multiple sclerosis.

The new labeling changes include an update to the Clinical Studies section to add 48-week data from the EVIDENCE study.(1) This head-to-head study of Rebif(R) and Avonex(R) (interferon beta-1a) compared the proportion of MS patients treated with Rebif(R) or Avonex(R) who were relapse free after 24 weeks (primary end point) and 48 weeks. The label expansion will now reflect that, "Patients treated with Rebif(R) 44 mcg sc tiw were more likely to remain relapse free at 24 and 48 weeks than were patients treated with Avonex(R) 30 mcg im qw."

"Serono and Pfizer are pleased with the FDA's approval of the new label changes for Rebif(R). The label expansion reflects additional scientific data demonstrating Rebif(R)'s clinical superiority over Avonex(R) at reducing frequency of relapses in patients with relapsing remitting MS at both 24 and 48 weeks," said Gordon Francis, M.D., Vice President, Neurology Clinical Development Unit, Serono, Inc.

Furthermore, the FDA also approved label changes related to Rebif(R) temporary storage at room temperature. This change enhances Rebif(R)'s ease-of-use for people who are currently taking the therapy to treat their MS. The label expansion will include that, "Rebif(R) may be stored at or below 25(degrees) C/77(degrees) F for up to 30 days and away from heat or light" and will be reflected in the Stability and Storage section. The same room temperature storage conditions were already allowed in the other countries where Rebif is approved.

"With Rebif(R)'s temporary room temperature labeling, we are building on our commitment to offer consumers not only a highly efficacious MS treatment, but also the added convenience that patients seek," said Deborah Brown, Executive Vice President, Neurology, Serono, Inc.

Christy Demory, an attorney from North Carolina, who takes Rebif(R), welcomed the change. "Between family and work, I am always on the go and sometimes need to carry Rebif(R) with me to my office or on an overnight outing or when I travel, so it's great to have the flexibility of leaving it out at room temperature," she said. "It's one less thing I have to think about."

A revised patient Medication Guide will also be available that reflects new storage and needle disposal information.

48-Week Evidence Data Summarized

The expanded Rebif(R) label now contains data from the head-to-head EVIDENCE study of 677 patients with relapsing remitting MS. The study compared the proportion of MS patients treated with either Rebif(R) or Avonex(R) who were relapse-free after 24 weeks (primary endpoint) and 48 weeks. The data showed that 75% of patients who received Rebif(R) (44 mcg administered subcutaneously, three times weekly) did not have a relapse after 24 weeks of treatment compared to 63% of patients treated with Avonex(R) (30 mcg administered intramuscularly, once weekly) (p less than 0.001). The improvement was sustained at 48 weeks at which point 62% of Rebif(R) patients were relapse free as compared to 52% of Avonex(R) patients (p=0.009).

Magnetic Resource Imaging (MRI) was used to assess brain lesions periodically throughout the 48-week study. Patients treated with Rebif(R) had fewer active lesions per MRI scan for all activity measures with effects seen within 2-3 months of starting treatment. There was an approximate one-third relative difference in favor of Rebif(R) and treatment effects were maintained over 48 weeks for measures of lesion activity. The exact relationship between MRI findings and clinical outcomes for patients is unknown.

About Rebif(R)

Rebif(R) (interferon beta-1a) is a disease-modifying drug used to treat relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis and is similar to the interferon beta protein produced by the human body. Interferon helps modulate the body's immune system, fights disease and reduces inflammation.

Rebif(R) has been proven to slow the course of relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis. In clinical studies, Rebif(R) 44 mcg administered three times a week by subcutaneous injection has been shown to slow progression of disability and reduce the frequency of relapses in relapsing-remitting MS. Additionally, use of Rebif(R) was shown to statistically significantly reduce the number of active brain lesions and T2 lesion area as measured on MRI. The exact relationship between MRI findings and clinical status of patients is unknown.

People living in the US with relapsing forms of MS can find more information about Rebif(R) in the full prescribing information, online at www.mslifelines.com or by calling MS LifeLines(TM) at 1-877-44REBIF. Patients should be instructed to read the Medication Guide accompanying the product. Most commonly reported side effects are injection site disorders, flu-like symptoms, elevation of liver enzymes and blood cell abnormalities. Compared to Avonex(R), adverse reactions were similar - despite Rebif(R) being administered at higher and more frequent doses.(2) Exceptions included injection site disorders, hepatic function disorders, white blood cell abnormalities, abdominal pain and depression, which were more frequent with Rebif(R). Patients, especially those with depression, seizure disorders, or liver problems, should discuss with their doctors whether Rebif(R) is right for them.

About Serono

Serono, Inc., located in Rockland, MA, is the US affiliate of Serono, S.A., a global biotechnology leader, headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland. The Company has six recombinant products on the worldwide market: Gonal-F (R)(follitropin alfa for injection), Luveris (R)(lutropin alfa), Ovidrel(R)/Ovitrelle (R)(choriogonadotropin alfa for injection), Rebif (R)(interferon beta-1a), Serostim(R) (somatropin (rDNA origin) for injection) and Saizen(R) (somatropin (rDNA origin) for injection). (Luveris(R) is not approved in the US.) In addition to being the world leader in reproductive health, Serono has strong market positions in neurology, metabolism and growth. The Company's research programs are focused on growing these businesses and on establishing new therapeutic areas. Currently, there are over 30 projects in development.

Serono is committed to helping people living with MS as well as the MS community. The Company has conducted leading research and product development in the area of multiple sclerosis and other diseases. Serono's growing portfolio of MS products is used to treat both relapsing forms of MS and worsening MS.

Serono was awarded the International James D. Watson Helix 2003 Award from the Biotechnology Industry Organization (BIO) in recognition of the Company's outstanding leadership and highest standards of scientific and product achievement.

In 2002, Serono achieved worldwide revenues of $1.546 billion, and a net income of $321 million, making it the third largest biotech company in the world. The Company operates in 45 countries, and its products are sold in over 100 countries. Bearer shares of Serono S.A., the holding company, are traded on the virt-x (SEO) and its American Depositary Shares are traded on the New York Stock Exchange (SRA).

About Pfizer

Pfizer Inc. discovers, develops, manufactures and markets leading prescription medicines, for humans and animals, and many of the world's best-known consumer products.

Some of the statements in this press release are forward looking. Such statements are inherently subject to known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause actual results, performance or achievements of Serono S.A. and affiliates to be materially different from those expected or anticipated in the forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are based on Serono's current expectations and assumptions, which may be affected by a number of factors, including those discussed in this press release and more fully described in Serono's Annual Report on Form 20-F filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission on April 17, 2003. These factors include any failure or delay in Serono's ability to develop new products, any failure to receive anticipated regulatory approvals, any problems in commercializing current products as a result of competition or other factors, our ability to obtain reimbursement coverage for our products, and government regulations limiting our ability to sell our products. Serono has no responsibility to update the forward-looking statements contained in this press release to reflect events or circumstances occurring after the date of this press release.

(1)Panitch H, Goodin DS, Francis G, et al. Randomized, comparative study of interferon beta-1a treatment regimens in MS: The EVIDENCE (Evidence for Interferon Dose-response European-North American Comparative Efficacy) Trial. Neurology 2002; 59: 1496-1506.

(2) Data on file. Amendment to BLA File, Study 21125. Serono, Inc.; 2002.

COPYRIGHT 2003 Business Wire
COPYRIGHT 2003 Gale Group

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