Fenfluramine

Dieters who use certain weight loss drugs may lose more than excess poundage.

A study in Europe indicates that fenfluramine and its cousin dexfenfluramine-recently approved for use in the United States-increase the risk of pulmonary hypertension. This ailment damages blood vessels in the lungs, leading to death from heart failure in more than 50 percent of cases. "The course of disease is rapid deterioration," says Lucien Abenhaim, a researcher at Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital and McGill University in Montreal and an author of the study. Death typically occurs within 2 to 5 years.

The first clue that diet pills might prove deadly surfaced in the 1960s, when a rare lung disease began turning up with unusual frequency in Austria, Germany, and Switzerland. It occurred mainly in women on diets. Doctors soon linked 500 cases of pulmonary hypertension, many of them fatal, to aminorex fumarate, a prescription diet pill.

Three decades later, history seemed to repeat itself in France, although just 15 people became ill and only a few died. This time the culprit appeared to be the appetite-suppressant fenfluramine, which has been used by 50 million people worldwide. This finding prompted Abenhaim and his colleagues to try to establish a definitive link.

The scientists, from Canada and Europe, compared 95 people who had pulmonary hypertension with 355 people who were not afflicted. They found that people who had taken fenfluramine-derived drugs for more than 3 months had 30 times the risk of the ailment than those who had never taken the drugs.

By taking the drugs for less than 3 months, people doubled their risk of pulmonary hypertension, the team reports in the Aug. 29 New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM).

Abenhaim worries about what might happen now that dexfenfluramine has been approved in the United States, where many doctors have come to view obesity as a chronic disease. In Europe, these drugs are typically used for less than 3 months, says Abenhaim, who cautions that the European incidents are "nothing like what we might be confronted with in the States, where [the drugs] are prescribed for long-term use."

Though his study does not measure the risks that prolonged users might face, Abenhaim notes that it suggests "the longer the use, the greater the risk."

The study's ominous results might seem to justify pulling the drugs off the market, but for one fact: Obesity is the second leading cause of death in the United States; only smoking is more deadly. Obesity afflicts 58 million people nationwide, a population that is growing.

Taken together, these concerns raise a thorny question for doctors. Does the risk of taking these drugs outweigh their benefits?

Not at all, say JoAnn E. Manson of Harvard University Medical School in Boston and Gerald A. Faich of the Outcomes Research Corp. of Bala Cynwyd, Pa., in an editorial in NEJM. Taking into account the average weight lost by people using the diet pills, they contend that the drugs save 20 lives annually for each one lost to pulmonary hypertension-or a total of 266 deaths prevented among every million people treated. They also say that the drugs, by decreasing obesity, prevent 400 nonfatal heart attacks and strokes.

Abenhaim flatly disagrees. "Their calculations are wrong," he says. Saving his specific objections for a rebuttal he plans to address to the journal's editors, he says that Manson and Faich underestimate, by more than half, the risk of pulmonary hypertension in users of fenfluramine- derived drugs. No one knows why the medicines increase that risk, and the scientific debate over the precise level of risk is unlikely to be resolved soon. In the interim, Abenhaim and his coworkers say: "We recommend active surveillance of the use of these drugs, especially if long-term use is planned."

COPYRIGHT 1996 Science Service, Inc.
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