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Antitussive

A cough medicine is a drug used to treat coughing and related conditions. Dry coughs are treated with cough suppressants (antitussives) that suppress the body's urge to cough, while productive coughs (coughs that produce phlegm) are treated with expectorants that loosen mucus from the respiratory tract. more...

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Cough suppressants

Cough suppressants may act centrally (on the brain) or locally (on the respiratory tract) to suppress the cough reflex.

Centrally acting suppressants include dextromethorphan (DXM), noscapine, ethyl morphine, and codeine.

Peripherally acting substances include local anaesthetics, which reduce the sensation of nerves in the throat, and demulcents, which coat the esophagus. Although it is commonly believed that cough medicines must coat the throat to be effective, there is no evidence that it is possible to control coughing by this means.

One might think it unwise to suppress the cough reflex (the mechanism for expelling mucus from the respiratory tract) but severe coughing may lead to lung irritation, causing a vicious cycle. The cough reflex is also very strong and cannot be completely suppressed. However, dry cough (without mucus production) or cough that is exhausting and preventing sleep should be treated with supressants.

Recent studies have found that theobromine, a compound found in cocoa, is more effective as a cough suppressant than prescription codeine. This molecule suppresses the "itch" signal from the nerve in the back of the throat that causes the cough reflex. It is possible to get an effective dose from dark chocolate, which contains more cocoa than milk chocolate. Theobromine was also free from side effects in the blind tests.

Expectorants

An expectorant (from Latin ex- "out" + pectoris "of the chest") is a medicine or herb which increases the expulsion of tracheal or bronchial mucus through expectoration or coughing. In over-the-counter preparations, guaifenesin is often used. Herbal expectorants include the following:

  • Aniseed (Pimpinella anisum),
  • Balm of Gilead (Populus gileadensis),
  • Balsam of Peru (Myroxylon perierae),
  • Balsam of Tolu (Myroxylon toluifera),
  • Blood root (Sanguinaria canadensis),
  • Coltsfoot (Tussilago farfara),
  • Comfrey (Symphytum officinale),
  • Elderflower (Sambucus nigra),
  • Elecampane (Inula helenium),
  • Garlic (Allium sativum),
  • Golden seal (Hydrastis canadensis),
  • Grindelia (Grindelia camporum),
  • Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis),
  • Iceland moss (Cetraria islandica),
  • Irish moss (Chondrus crispus),
  • Liquorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra),
  • Lobelia (Lobelia inflata),
  • Lungwort (Sticta pulmonaria),
  • Marshmallow (Althaea officinalis),
  • Mouse ear (Hieracium pilosella),
  • Mullein (Verbascum thapsus),
  • Pleurisy root (Asclepias tuberosa),
  • Senega (Polygala senega),
  • Skunk Cabbage (Symplocarpus foetidus),
  • Squill (Urginea maritima),
  • Thuja (Thuja occidentalis),
  • Thyme (Thymus vulgaris),
  • Vervain (Verbena officinalis),
  • White horehound (Marrubium vulgare),
  • Wild cherry (Prunus serotona).

Read more at Wikipedia.org


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Shelf key amid changing cough-cold landscape
From Drug Store News, 8/22/05 by Michael Johnsen

MADISON, N.J. -- With Walgreens pulling every last drop and tablet containing the popular decongestant pseudo-ephedrine behind its pharmacy counters and various states seeking to ban the OTC status of the ingredient altogether, at least one thing is certain: This season's cough-cold landscape is going to look a whole lot different from how it did last year.

Even so, consumers will still be making a dedicated trip to the local drug store when they or their loved ones are sick with a cold, according to exclusive research from Wyeth, and that makes the cough-cold aisles a destination center, more so even than pain medicine, another significant drug store category.

"The upper-respiratory purchase is more often a planned purchase than analgesics," noted Dave Howenstine, Wyeth vice president of category development. "Almost 9-out-of-10 shoppers, based on our research, had planned to buy that respiratory product before coming into the store," though there is some evidence of pantry loading at the season's start. "In the case of drug store shoppers, 86 percent said that [their cough-cold purchase] was the primary reason they came to the store that day," he added.

What's more, consumers aren't necessarily shopping by ingredient. While ingredients are an important element of the consumer's decision matrix, consumers more often select by symptom and by brand. And that makes communication both at the shelf and at the pharmacy counter paramount.

"There are consumers who are very loyal to some brands. Because cough-cold is an incidence-driven [category], this will be the first time they're coming back into the store to purchase that item since last season," said Keith Wypyszynski, Wyeth senior vice president of trade development. "For the people who are not [brand] loyal, it's [going to be] a very confusing category.

"Shelf is king. Because people are making a planned purchase, they're sick and don't feel well, they're going right for the section," Wypyszynski added. "Merchandising that shelf by symptom and brand to make it less complicated than it already is with the market-by-market pseudoephedrine withdrawal," he added, will be a boon for retailers looking to capture market share.

COPYRIGHT 2005 Reproduced with permission of the copyright holder. Further reproduction or distribution is prohibited without permission.
COPYRIGHT 2005 Gale Group

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