Chemical structure of Tyrosine
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Tyrosine

Tyrosine (from the Greek tyros, meaning "cheese", as it was first discovered in cheese), 4-hydroxyphenylalanine, or 2-amino-3(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propanoic acid, is one of the 20 amino acids that are used by cells to synthesize proteins. It has a phenol side chain. more...

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Tyrosine
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Tyrosine is converted to DOPA by Tyrosine hydroxylase, an enzyme.

It plays a key role in signal transduction, since it can be tagged (phosphorylated) with a phosphate group by protein kinases to alter the functionality and activity of certain enzymes. (In its phosphorylated state, it is sometimes referred to as phosphotyrosine.) Other important biological functions of tyrosine are as a precursor of the thyroid hormone, thyroxine, the pigment, melanin and of the biologically active catecholamines (e.g., dopamine, noradrenaline and adrenaline).

In Papaver somniferum, the opium poppy, it is used to produce morphine.

Biosynthesis

Tyrosine cannot be completely synthesized by animals, although it can be made by hydroxylation of phenylalanine if the latter is in abundant supply. It is produced by plants and most microorganisms from prephenate, an intermediate on the shikimate pathway.

Prephenate is oxidatively decarboxylated with retention of the hydroxyl group to give p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate. This is transaminated using glutamate as the nitrogen source to give tyrosine and α-ketoglutarate.

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Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology) $79.75 Evaluation and identification of oncogenic protein tyrosine kinases with yeast genetic systems : (Dissertation) $55.00
Receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases in vertebrate axon outgrowth : (Dissertation) $55.00 The role of polyomavirus middle T tyrosines in viral infection : (Dissertation) $55.00
Structural and Functional Studies of the Density Enhanced Receptor-Like Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Dep-1 (Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Medicine, 1054) $13.42 Hypereosinophilic syndrome: two case reports of contrasting variants.(Review Article) : An article from: Southern Medical Journal $5.95
Investigating the tyrosine-histidine linkage in the copper B site of cytochrome c oxidase: Model studies utilizing a zinc imidazole-phenol containing complex : (Dissertation) $55.00 L-3-[(123)I]Iodo-(alpha)- methyl-tyrosine SPECT in non-small cell lung cancer: Preliminary observations : An article from: The Journal of Nuclear Medicine $20.00
Methods toward the development of protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitors : (Dissertation) $55.00 Protein Tyrosine Kinases: From Inhibitors To Useful Drugs (Cancer Drug Discovery and Development) $105.00

Protein tyrosine kinases; from inhibitors to useful drugs
158829384X Protein tyrosine kinases; from inhibitors to useful drugs. Ed. by Doriano Fabbro and Frank McCormick. Humana Press Inc. 2006 290 ...
Unfolding of Ubiquitin Studied by Picosecond Time-Resolved Fluorescence of the Tyrosine Residue
ABSTRACT The photophysics of the single tyrosine in bovine ubiquitin (UBQ) was studied by picosecond time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy, as a function ...
Use and limitations of imatinib mesylate (Glivec), a selective inhibitor of the tyrosine kinase Abl transcript in the treatment of chronic myeloid leukaemia
ABSTRACT Chronic myeloid leukaemia is associated with a specific translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22 that results in the formation of a chimaeric ...
N-Acetyl-L-Tyrosine as a Tyrosine Source in Adult Parenteral Nutrition
ABSTRACT. Background: N-acetyl-L-tyrosine (NAT) is commonly used in place of tyrosine in parenteral nutrition, but human studies carried out to date indicate ...
Initial characterization of the primary photochemistry of AppA, a blue-light-using flavin adenine dinucleotide-domain containing transcriptional antirepressor
ABSTRACT The flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)-containing photoreceptor protein AppA (in which the FAD is bound to a novel so-called BLUF domain) from ...
Protein may underlie preeclampsia - Pregnancy Woe Uncovered - sFlt1, soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1
Many of the symptoms of preeclampsia, a major cause of maternal death and premature birth worldwide, stem from a single protein, researchers have found.
Polymorphisms of the tyrosine hydroxylase gene in subjects susceptible to high-altitude pulmonary edema - clinical investigations
Study objectives: A blunted hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR) has been observed in some sufferers of high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE), and was proposed as a potential mechanism in its pathogen
(13)C-(1)H NMR relaxation and fluorescence anisotropy decay study of tyrosine dynamics in motilin
ABSTRACT Tyrosine ring dynamics of the gastrointestinal hormone motilin was studied using two independent physical methods: fluorescence polarization anisotropy decay and NMR relaxation. Motilin, a 2

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